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 TVTWM(1)                       X Version 11                        TVTWM(1)
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 NAME
      tvtwm - Tom's Virtual Tab Window Manager for the X Window System

 SYNTAX
      tvtwm [-display dpy] [-s] [-m | -M] [-k] [-f initfile] [-v]

 DESCRIPTION
      Tvtwm is a window manager for the X Window System based on the X11R5
      version of twm.  It includes a ``Virtual Desktop'' feature that
      effectively makes the root window of the screen larger than the
      physical limits of the display.  To change as little as possible in
      this manual, from here on the window manager is referred to as twm.

      Twm is a window manager for the X Window System.  It provides
      titlebars, shaped windows, several forms of icon management, user-
      defined macro functions, click-to-type and pointer-driven keyboard
      focus, and user-specified key and pointer button bindings.

      This program is usually started by the user's session manager or
      startup script.  When used from xdm(1) or xinit(1) without a session
      manager, twm is frequently executed in the foreground as the last
      client.  When run this way, exiting twm causes the session to be
      terminated (i.e. logged out).

      By default, application windows are surrounded by a ``frame'' with a
      titlebar at the top and a special border around the window.  The
      titlebar contains the window's name, a rectangle that is lit when the
      window is receiving keyboard input, and function boxes known as
      ``titlebuttons'' at the left and right edges of the titlebar.

      Pressing pointer Button1 (usually the left-most button unless it has
      been changed with xmodmap) on a titlebutton will invoke the function
      associated with the button.  In the default interface, windows are
      iconified by clicking (pressing and then immediately releasing) the
      left titlebutton (which looks like a Dot).  Conversely, windows are
      deiconified by clicking in the associated icon or entry in the icon
      manager (see description of the variable ShowIconManager and of the
      function f.showiconmgr).

      Windows are resized by pressing the right titlebutton (which resembles
      a group of nested squares), dragging the pointer over edge that is to
      be moved, and releasing the pointer when the outline of the window is
      the desired size.  Similarly, windows are moved by pressing in the
      title or highlight region, dragging a window outline to the new
      location, and then releasing when the outline is in the desired
      position.  Just clicking in the title or highlight region raises the
      window without moving it.

      When new windows are created, twm will honor any size and location
      information requested by the user (usually through -geometry command
      line argument or resources for the individual applications).



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      Otherwise, an outline of the window's default size, its titlebar, and
      lines dividing the window into a 3x3 grid that track the pointer are
      displayed.  Clicking pointer Button1 will position the window at the
      current position and give it the default size.  Pressing pointer
      Button2 (usually the middle pointer button) and dragging the outline
      will give the window its current position but allow the sides to be
      resized as described above.  Clicking pointer Button3 (usually the
      right pointer button) will give the window its current position but
      attempt to make it long enough to touch the bottom the screen.

 OPTIONS
      Twm accepts the following command line options:

      -display dpy
              This option specifies the X server to use.

      -s      This option indicates that only the default screen (as
              specified by -display or by the DISPLAY environment variable)
              should be managed.  By default, twm will attempt to manage all
              screens on the display.

      -m      Causes tvtwm to preprocess the .twmrc file using the m4(1)
              macro processor.

      -M      Causes tvtwm not to preprocess the .twmrc file using the m4(1)
              macro processor.

      -k      This option makes twm leave a file in /tmp containing the
              predefines that are generated and fed to m4 before your .twmrc
              file.  Twm passes this file, followed immediately by your
              .twmrc file (which may not be called .twmrc.  See -f option.),
              to m4(1) for preprocessing.  If you give twm the -k option, it
              will leave a copy of the temporary file as /tmp/twmrc$$ (where
              $$ is variable).  This is often useful for knowing what you
              can use when adding m4 commands and conditions to your .twmrc
              file.

      -f filename
              This option specifies the name of the startup file to use.  By
              default, twm will look in the user's home directory for files
              named .twmrc.num (where num is a screen number) or .twmrc.

      -v      This option indicates that twm should print error messages
              whenever an unexpected X Error event is received.  This can be
              useful when debugging applications but can be distracting in
              regular use.

 CUSTOMIZATION
      Much of twm's appearance and behavior can be controlled by providing a
      startup file in one of the following locations (searched in order for
      each screen being managed when twm begins):



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      $HOME/.tvtwmrc.screennumber
              The screennumber is a small positive number (e.g. 0, 1, etc.)
              representing the screen number (e.g. the last number in the
              DISPLAY environment variable host:displaynum.screennum) that
              would be used to contact that screen of the display.  This is
              intended for displays with multiple screens of differing
              visual types.

      $HOME/.tvtwmrc
              This is the usual name for an individual user's startup file.

      $HOME/.twmrc.screennumber
              Same as .tvtwmrc.screennumber.

      $HOME/.twmrc
              Same as .tvtwmrc.

      /usr/lib/X11/twm/system.twmrc
              If neither of the preceding files are found, twm will look in
              this file for a default configuration.  This is often tailored
              by the site administrator to provide convenient menus or
              familiar bindings for novice users.

      If no startup files are found, twm will use the built-in defaults
      described above.  The only resource used by twm is bitmapFilePath for
      a colon-separated list of directories to search when looking for
      bitmap files (for more information, see the Athena Widgets manual and
      xrdb(1)).

      Twm startup files are logically broken up into three types of
      specifications:  Variables, Bindings, Menus.  The Variables section
      must come first and is used to describe the fonts, colors, cursors,
      border widths, icon and window placement, highlighting, autoraising,
      layout of titles, warping, use of the icon manager.  The Bindings
      section usually comes second and is used to specify the functions that
      should be to be invoked when keyboard and pointer buttons are pressed
      in windows, icons, titles, and frames.  The Menus section gives any
      user-defined menus (containing functions to be invoked or commands to
      be executed).

      Variable names and keywords are case-insensitive.  Strings must be
      surrounded by double quote characters (e.g. "blue") and are case-
      sensitive.  A pound sign (#) outside of a string causes the remainder
      of the line in which the character appears to be treated as a comment.

 M4 PREPROCESSING
      A new feature in this release of tvtwm is that it can use m4(1) to
      pre-process it's setup files.  When twm is started with the -m option,
      or if it was compiled to use m4 by default and the -M option was not
      specified, it will open a file for input as described above.  But, it
      will process that file through m4 before parsing it.  So, you can use



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      m4 macro's to perform operations at runtime.  This makes it very easy
      to work when you use many different display's, with different
      characteristics.  For example, If you want to set the lower right
      section of the screen to be your IconRegion, (see below for details on
      the IconRegion variable) you can use m4 directives and pre-defined
      symbols to calculate the region you want.  For example:

           define(IRegion, translit(eval(WIDTH/3)*eval(HEIGHT/2)+eval(WIDTH-WIDTH/3)-0, *, x))
           IconRegion  "IRegion" SOUTH EAST 75 25

      will define the lower half, and right-hand third of the screen.  The
      above makes use of symbols that are predefined in m4 by twm.  The
      symbols WIDTH and HEIGHT are calculated by twm and written into a
      temporary file for m4 to use.  The following symbols are predefined by
      tvtwm:

      SERVERHOST              This variable is set to the name of the
                              machine that is running the X server.

      CLIENTHOST              The machine that is running the clients.  (ie,
                              twm)

      HOSTNAME                The canonical hostname running the clients.
                              (ie. a fully-qualified version of CLIENTHOST)

      USER                    The name of the user running the program.
                              Gotten from the environment.

      HOME                    The user's home directory.  Gotten from the
                              environment.

      VERSION                 The X major protocol version.  As seen by
                              ProtocolVersion(3).

      REVISION                The X minor protocol revision.  As seen by
                              ProtocolRevision(3).

      VENDOR                  The vendor of your X server.  For example: MIT
                              X Consortium.

      RELEASE                 The release number of your X server.  For MIT
                              X11R5, this is 5.

      WIDTH                   The width of your display in pixels.

      HEIGHT                  The height of your display in pixels.

      X_RESOLUTION            The X resolution of your display in pixels per
                              meter.





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      Y_RESOLUTION            The Y resolution of your display in pixels per
                              meter.

      PLANES                  The number of bit planes your display supports
                              in the default root window.

      BITS_PER_RGB            The number of significant bits in an RGB
                              color.  (log base 2 of the number of distinct
                              colors that can be created.  This is often
                              different from the number of colors that can
                              be displayed at once.)

      TWM_TYPE                Tells which twm offshoot is running.  It will
                              always be set to the string "tvtwm" in this
                              program.  This is useful for protecting parts
                              of your .twmrc file that twm proper won't
                              understand (like VirtualDesktop) so that it is
                              still usable with other twm programs.

      CLASS                   Your visual class.  Will return one of
                              StaticGray, GrayScale, StaticColor,
                              PseudoColor, TrueColor, DirectColor, or, if it
                              cannot determine what you have, NonStandard.

      COLOR                   This will be either 'Yes' or 'No'.  This is
                              just a wrapper around the above definition.
                              Returns 'Yes' on *Color, and 'No' on
                              StaticGray and GrayScale.

      NG_*                    There will be a large (about 16) number of
                              predefines that look like NG_EE or NG_AE.
                              These are for access control.  When they are
                              set to something intelligent, you can protect
                              certain machines or groups of machines in
                              login menus by which group of people should be
                              able to access them.  If you place an
                              ifelse(NG_STAFF, yes, `') in your .twmrc file,
                              and place the login menu, or the like, in
                              between the quotes, then it will only be seen
                              by members of the staff.  This is useful when
                              you have a whole system that include()s a
                              system-wide login file.  This makes it easy to
                              centrally administer things such as login
                              menus, and have all users notice changes
                              without having to make them individually.  At
                              the moment, there is little or no
                              functionality in these.  If you are a member
                              of the group "staff", you have them all set to
                              'Yes', else, you have only NG_STD defined to
                              'Yes'.  I plan to make these symbols
                              meaningful in the near future.



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      You may well find that if you research the m4(1) manual well, and
      understand the power of m4, this will be a very useful and powerful
      tool.

      Be aware that m4(1) preprocessing can cause things often found in
      .twmrc files to break.  For example, quotes and backquotes in shell
      commands will be badly messed up by m4's own internal quoting
      mechanism.  This particular problem can be worked around by placing
      changequote(,) at the top of your .twmrc file.

 VIRTUAL DESKTOP
      The Virtual Desktop feature of tvtwm was modeled after the same
      feature in swm (Solbourne Window Manager).  The Virtual Desktop
      effectively makes the ``root'' window of the display larger than the
      physical screen size.  The Virtual Desktop is panned in one of two
      ways, either by executing one of the f.scroll commands or by using the
      panner.

      The panner is a special window that shows a miniature view of windows
      on the desktop.  The small windows in the panner will have the same
      colors as the titlebars and icons of their associated client windows.
      The panner is very simple to operate.  Mouse button one, pressed
      inside the panner, allows you to move the outline indicating your
      current view on the desktop.  Releasing the button will reposition the
      desktop to the point at which the outline is displayed.  Mouse button
      two, pressed in one of the small "virtual" windows, allows you to move
      the small window to another portion of the desktop.  If during the
      move operation, you would like to place the window in your current
      view of the desktop, simply moving the pointer out of the panner will
      result in the window outline changing from the small outline to a
      large outline showing the dimensions of the client window.  The
      converse is true of any move operation started outside of the panner:
      if the pointer is moved into the panner window, the outline will
      change to a small outline allowing you to place the window anywhere on
      the desktop.  Another feature of the panner is that if you resize it,
      the Virtual Desktop will resize a corresponding amount.  During the
      resize, the dimensions shown reflect the Virtual Desktop size.

      There are two hints that client windows may use when asking the window
      manager to position top level windows:  User Specified Position
      (USPosition) and Program Specified Position (PPosition).  tvtwm
      handles each of these two hints in a different manner.  If USPosition
      hints are set, the window will be placed at the pixel location
      requested.  If PPosition hints are set, the window will be placed at
      the requested location plus the offsets of the current Virtual Desktop
      position.  For example, if the desktop is positioned at +100+300 and a
      window is mapped at +100+100 with PPosition hints set, the window
      would be placed at +200+400 on the Virtual Desktop.

      Along with the Virtual Desktop comes a concept called ``sticky''
      windows.  Sticky windows can be thought of as stuck to the glass of



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      the display.  Sticky windows do not scroll out of view when the
      desktop is scrolled.

 VARIABLES
      Many of the aspects of twm's user interface are controlled by
      variables that may be set in the user's startup file.  Some of the
      options are enabled or disabled simply by the presence of a particular
      keyword.  Other options require keywords, numbers, strings, or lists
      of all of these.

      Lists are surrounded by braces and are usually separated by whitespace
      or a newline.  For example:

           AutoRaise { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" }

      or

           AutoRaise
           {
                "emacs"
                "XTerm"
                "Xmh"
           }

      When a variable containing a list of strings representing windows is
      searched (e.g. to determine whether or not to enable autoraise as
      shown above), a string must be an exact, case-sensitive match to the
      window's name name (given by the WM_NAME window property), resource
      name or class name (both given by the WM_CLASS window property).  The
      preceding example would enable autoraise on windows named ``emacs'' as
      well as any xterm (since they are of class ``XTerm'') or xmh windows
      (which are of class ``Xmh'').

      String arguments that are interpreted as filenames (see the Pixmaps,
      Cursors, and IconDirectory below) will prepend the user's directory
      (specified by the HOME environment variable) if the first character is
      a tilde (~).  If, instead, the first character is a colon (:), the
      name is assumed to refer to one of the internal bitmaps that are used
      to create the default titlebars symbols:  :xlogo or :iconify (both
      refer to the X used for the iconify button), :resize (the nested
      squares used by the resize button), and :question (the question mark
      used for non-existent bitmap files).

      The following variables may be specified at the top of a twm startup
      file.  Lists of Window name prefix strings are indicated by win-list.
      Optional arguments are shown in square brackets:

      AutoRaise { win-list }
              This variable specifies a list of windows that should
              automatically be raised whenever the pointer enters the
              window.  This action can be interactively enabled or disabled



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              on individual windows using the function f.autoraise.

      AutoRelativeResize
              This variable indicates that dragging out a window size
              (either when initially sizing the window with pointer Button2
              or when resizing it) should not wait until the pointer has
              crossed the window edges.  Instead, moving the pointer
              automatically causes the nearest edge or edges to move by the
              same amount.  This allows the resizing windows that extend off
              the edge of the screen.  If the pointer is in the center of
              the window, or if the resize is begun by pressing a
              titlebutton, twm will still wait for the pointer to cross a
              window edge (to prevent accidents).  This option is
              particularly useful for people who like the press-drag-release
              method of sweeping out window sizes.

      BorderColor string [{ wincolorlist }]
              This variable specifies the default color of the border to be
              placed around all non-iconified windows, and may only be given
              within a Color or Monochrome list.  The optional wincolorlist
              specifies a list of window and color name pairs for specifying
              particular border colors for different types of windows.  For
              example:

                   BorderColor "gray50"
                   {
                        "XTerm"   "red"
                        "xmh"     "green"
                   }

              The default is "black".

      BorderTileBackground string [{ wincolorlist }]
              This variable specifies the default background color in the
              gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if
              NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may only be given within a
              Color or Monochrome list.  The optional wincolorlist allows
              per-window colors to be specified.  The default is "white".

      BorderTileForeground string [{ wincolorlist }]
              This variable specifies the default foreground color in the
              gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if
              NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may only be given within a
              Color or Monochrome list.  The optional wincolorlist allows
              per-window colors to be specified.  The default is "black".

      BorderWidth pixels
              This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border
              surrounding all client window frames if ClientBorderWidth has
              not been specified.  This value is also used to set the border
              size of windows created by twm (such as the icon manager).



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              The default is 2.

      ButtonIndent pixels
              This variable specifies the amount by which titlebuttons
              should be indented on all sides.  Positive values cause the
              buttons to be smaller than the window text and highlight area
              so that they stand out.  Setting this and the
              TitleButtonBorderWidth variables to 0 makes titlebuttons be as
              tall and wide as possible.  The default is 1.

      ClientBorderWidth
              This variable indicates that border width of a window's frame
              should be set to the initial border width of the window,
              rather than to the value of BorderWidth.

      Color { colors-list }
              This variable specifies a list of color assignments to be made
              if the default display is capable of displaying more than
              simple black and white.  The colors-list is made up of the
              following color variables and their values: DefaultBackground,
              DefaultForeground, MenuBackground, MenuForeground,
              MenuTitleBackground, MenuTitleForeground, and MenuShadowColor.
              VirtualDesktopBackground.  VirtualDesktopForeground.
              PannerBackground.  PannerForeground.  The following color
              variables may also be given a list of window and color name
              pairs to allow per-window colors to be specified (see
              BorderColor for details): BorderColor, IconManagerHighlight,
              BorderTitleBackground, BorderTitleForeground, TitleBackground,
              TitleForeground, IconBackground, IconForeground,
              IconBorderColor, IconManagerBackground, and
              IconManagerForeground.  VirtualBackground, and
              VirtualForeground.  For example:

                   Color
                   {
                        MenuBackground      "gray50"
                        MenuForeground      "blue"
                        BorderColor              "red" { "XTerm" "yellow" }
                        TitleForeground          "yellow"
                        TitleBackground          "blue"
                   }

              All of these color variables may also be specified for the
              Monochrome variable, allowing the same initialization file to
              be used on both color and monochrome displays.

      ConstrainedMoveTime milliseconds
              This variable specifies the length of time between button
              clicks needed to begin a constrained move operation.  Double
              clicking within this amount of time when invoking f.move will
              cause the window only be moved in a horizontal or vertical



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              direction.  Setting this value to 0 will disable constrained
              moves.  The default is 400 milliseconds.

      Cursors { cursor-list }
              This variable specifies the glyphs that twm should use for
              various pointer cursors.  Each cursor may be defined either
              from the cursor font or from two bitmap files.  Shapes from
              the cursor font may be specified directly as:

                        cursorname     "string"

              where cursorname is one of the cursor names listed below, and
              string is the name of a glyph as found in the file
              /usr/include/X11/cursorfont.h (without the ``XC_'' prefix).
              If the cursor is to be defined from bitmap files, the
              following syntax is used instead:

                        cursorname     "image"   "mask"

              The image and mask strings specify the names of files
              containing the glyph image and mask in bitmap(1) form.  The
              bitmap files are located in the same manner as icon bitmap
              files.  The following example shows the default cursor
              definitions:

                   Cursors
                   {
                        Frame          "top_left_arrow"
                        Title          "top_left_arrow"
                        Icon      "top_left_arrow"
                        IconMgr   "top_left_arrow"
                        Move      "fleur"
                        Resize         "fleur"
                        Menu      "sb_left_arrow"
                        Button         "hand2"
                        Wait      "watch"
                        Select         "dot"
                        Destroy   "pirate"
                   }


      DecorateTransients
              This variable indicates that transient windows (those
              containing a WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property) should have titlebars.
              By default, transients are not reparented.

      DefaultBackground string
              This variable specifies the background color to be used for
              sizing and information windows.  The default is "white".





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      DefaultForeground string
              This variable specifies the foreground color to be used for
              sizing and information windows.  The default is "black".

      DontIconifyByUnmapping { win-list }
              This variable specifies a list of windows that should not be
              iconified by simply unmapping the window (as would be the case
              if IconifyByUnmapping had been set).  This is frequently used
              to force some windows to be treated as icons while other
              windows are handled by the icon manager.

      DontInterpolateTitles
              This variable specifies a modification to the
              InterpolateMenuColors behavior.  It will cause twm to not
              apply color interpolation to any titles in the middle of the
              menu.  So, f.title strings that appear in the middle of the
              menu (ie, without a specific color defined for them) will
              inherit the default MenuTitle foreground and background
              colors.

      DontMoveOff
              This variable indicates that windows should not be allowed to
              be moved off the screen.  It can be overridden by the
              f.forcemove function.

      DontSqueezeTitle [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that titlebars should not be squeezed
              to their minimum size as described under SqueezeTitle below.
              If the optional window list is supplied, only those windows
              will be prevented from being squeezed.

      ForceIcons
              This variable indicates that icon pixmaps specified in the
              Icons variable should override any client-supplied pixmaps.

      FramePadding pixels
              This variable specifies the distance between the titlebar
              decorations (the button and text) and the window frame.  The
              default is 2 pixels.

      IconBackground string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the background color of bitmap icons,
              and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome
              list.  This value is ignored when the icon is an Xpm format
              pixmap, as they have their own colors.  The optional win-list
              is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors
              may be specified.  See the BorderColor variable for a complete
              description of the win-list.  The default is "white".

      IconBorderColor string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the color of the border used for icon



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              windows, and may only be specified inside of a Color or
              Monochrome list.  This option only has an effect on icon
              windows that don't have their own shape mask (ie, only on
              rectangular icons).  The optional win-list is a list of window
              names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
              See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the
              win-list. The default is "black".

      IconBorderWidth pixels
              This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border
              surrounding icon windows.  The default is 2.

      IconDirectory string
              This variable specifies the directory that should be searched
              if a bitmap file cannot be found in any of the directories in
              the bitmapFilePath resource.  This is generally a poor way to
              do things.  It is much better to set your bitmapFilePath
              resource to what you want it to be in your resources file.

      IconFont string
              This variable specifies the font to be used to display icon
              names within icons.  The default is "variable".

      IconForeground string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when
              displaying bitmap icons, and may only be specified inside of a
              Color or Monochrome list.  This value is ignored when the icon
              is an Xpm format pixmap, as they have their own colors.  The
              optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that
              per-window colors may be specified.  See the BorderColor
              variable for a complete description of the win-list.  The
              default is "black".

      IconifyByUnmapping [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that windows should be iconified by
              being unmapped without trying to map any icons.  This assumes
              that the user will remap the window through the icon manager,
              the f.warpto function, or the TwmWindows menu.  If the
              optional win-list is provided, only those windows will be
              iconified by simply unmapping.  Windows that have both this
              and the IconManagerDontShow options set may not be accessible
              if no binding to the TwmWindows menu is set in the user's
              startup file.

      IconManagerBackground string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the background color to use for icon
              manager entries, and may only be specified inside of a Color
              or Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window
              names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
              See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the
              win-list.  The default is "white".



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      IconManagerDontShow [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that the icon manager should not
              display any windows.  If the optional win-list is given, only
              those windows will not be displayed.  This variable is used to
              prevent windows that are rarely iconified (such as xclock or
              xload) from taking up space in the icon manager.

      IconManagerFont string
              This variable specifies the font to be used when displaying
              icon manager entries.  The default is "variable".

      IconManagerForeground string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when
              displaying icon manager entries, and may only be specified
              inside of a Color or Monochrome list.  The optional win-list
              is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors
              may be specified.  See the BorderColor variable for a complete
              description of the win-list.  The default is "black".

      IconManagerGeometry string [ columns ]
              This variable specifies the geometry of the icon manager
              window.  The string argument is standard geometry
              specification that indicates the initial full size of the icon
              manager.  The icon manager window is then broken into columns
              pieces and scaled according to the number of entries in the
              icon manager.  Extra entries are wrapped to form additional
              rows.  The default number of columns is 1.

      IconManagerHighlight string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the border color to be used when
              highlighting the icon manager entry that currently has the
              focus, and can only be specified inside of a Color or
              Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window
              names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
              See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the
              win-list.  The default is "black".

      IconManagers { iconmgr-list }
              This variable specifies a list of icon managers to create.
              Each item in the iconmgr-list has the following format:

                        "winname" ["iconname"]   "geometry" columns

              where winname is the name of the windows that should be put
              into this icon manager, iconname is the name of that icon
              manager window's icon, geometry is a standard geometry
              specification, and columns is the number of columns in this
              icon manager as described in IconManagerGeometry.  For






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              example:

                   IconManagers
                   {
                        "XTerm"   "=300x5+800+5" 5
                        "myhost"  "=400x5+100+5" 2
                   }

              Clients whose name or class is ``XTerm'' will have an entry
              created in the ``XTerm'' icon manager.  Clients whose name was
              ``myhost'' would be put into the ``myhost'' icon manager.

      IconManagerShow { win-list }
              This variable specifies a list of windows that should appear
              in the icon manager.  When used in conjunction with the
              IconManagerDontShow variable, only the windows in this list
              will be shown in the icon manager.

      IconRegion geomstring vgrav hgrav gridwidth gridheight
              This variable specifies an area on the root window in which
              icons are placed if no specific icon location is provided by
              the client.  The geomstring is a quoted string containing a
              standard geometry specification.  If more than one IconRegion
              lines are given, icons will be put into the succeeding icon
              regions when the first is full.  The vgrav argument should be
              either North or South and control and is used to control
              whether icons are first filled in from the top or bottom of
              the icon region.  Similarly, the hgrav argument should be
              either East or West and is used to control whether icons
              should be filled in from left from the right.  Icons are laid
              out within the region in a grid with cells gridwidth pixels
              wide and gridheight pixels high.

      Icons { win-list }
              This variable specifies a list of window names and the
              pixmap/bitmap filenames that should be used as their icons.
              For example:

                   Icons
                   {
                        "XTerm"        "xterm.icon"
                        "xfd"          "xfd_icon"
                        "xeyes"        "xeyes.xpm"
                   }

              Windows that match ``XTerm'' and would not be iconified by
              unmapping, and would try to use the icon pixmap/bitmap in the
              file ``xterm.icon''.  If ForceIcons is specified, this bitmap
              will be used even if the client has requested its own icon
              pixmap.




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      IconTitle { win-list }
              This variable specifies a list of clients that will have the
              icon name displayed below the icon and is used to request icon
              titles on specific windows when NoIconTitle has been set.

      InterpolateMenuColors
              This variable indicates that menu entry colors should be
              interpolated between entry specified colors.  In the example
              below:

                   Menu "mymenu"
                   {
                        "Title"        ("black":"red")          f.title
                        "entry1"                 f.nop
                        "entry2"                 f.nop
                        "entry3"  ("white":"green")   f.nop
                        "entry4"                 f.nop
                        "entry5"  ("red":"white")          f.nop
                   }

              the foreground colors for ``entry1'' and ``entry2'' will be
              interpolated between black and white, and the background
              colors between red and green.  Similarly, the foreground for
              ``entry4'' will be half-way between white and red, and the
              background will be half-way between green and white.

      ListRings
              This variable indicates that duplicate list entries will be
              handled in a ring like manner.  In the example below:

                   SqueezeTitle
                   {
                        "XTerm"        right          0    0
                        "XTerm"        center         0    0
                        "XTerm"        left      0    0
                   }

              the first xterm created will have its tab on the left side of
              the window.  The second xterm will have the tab in the center,
              and the third on the right.  The forth will receive it on the
              left.

      MakeTitle { win-list }
              This variable specifies a list of windows on which a titlebar
              should be placed and is used to request titles on specific
              windows when NoTitle has been set.

      MaxWindowSize string
              This variable specifies a geometry in which the width and
              height give the maximum size for a given window.  This is
              typically used to restrict windows to the size of the screen.



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              The default is "30000x30000".

      MenuBackground string
              This variable specifies the background color used for menus,
              and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome
              list.  The default is "white".

      MenuFont string
              This variable specifies the font to use when displaying menus.
              The default is "variable".

      MenuForeground string
              This variable specifies the foreground color used for menus,
              and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome
              list.  The default is "black".

      MenuShadowColor string
              This variable specifies the color of the shadow behind pull-
              down menus and can only be specified inside of a Color or
              Monochrome list.  The default is "black".

      MenuTitleBackground string
              This variable specifies the background color for f.title
              entries in menus, and can only be specified inside of a Color
              or Monochrome list.  The default is "white".

      MenuTitleFont string
              This variable specifies the font to be used in menu titles.

      MenuTitleForeground string
              This variable specifies the foreground color for f.title
              entries in menus and can only be specified inside of a Color
              or Monochrome list.  The default is "black".

      Monochrome { colors }
              This variable specifies a list of color assignments that
              should be made if the screen has a depth of 1.  See the
              description of Colors.

      MoveDelta pixels
              This variable specifies the number of pixels the pointer must
              move before the f.move function starts working.  Also see the
              f.deltastop function.  The default is one pixel.

      NoBackingStore
              This variable indicates that twm's menus should not request
              backing store to minimize repainting of menus.  This is
              typically used with servers that can repaint faster than they
              can handle backing store.





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      NoCaseSensitive
              This variable indicates that case should be ignored when
              sorting icon names in an icon manager or window names in the
              TWM Windows menu.  This option is typically used with
              applications that capitalize the first letter of their icon
              name.

      NoDefaults
              This variable indicates that twm should not supply the default
              titlebuttons and bindings.  This option should only be used if
              the startup file contains a completely new set of bindings and
              definitions.

      NoGrabServer
              This variable indicates that twm should not grab the server
              when popping up menus and moving opaque windows.

      NoHighlight [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that borders should not be highlighted
              to track the location of the pointer.  If the optional win-
              list is given, highlighting will only be disabled for those
              windows.  When the border is highlighted, it will be drawn in
              the current BorderColor.  When the border is not highlighted,
              it will be stippled with an gray pattern using the current
              BorderTileForeground and BorderTileBackground colors.

      NoIconManagers
              This variable indicates that no icon manager should be
              created.

      NoIconTitle [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that icons should not display the icon
              name of the client.  If the optional win-list is given, only
              those clients will not have icon titles.  IconTitle may be
              used with this option to force icon titles to be put on on
              specific clients

      NoMenuShadows
              This variable indicates that menus should not have drop
              shadows drawn behind them.  This is typically used with slower
              servers since it speeds up menu drawing at the expense of
              making the menu slightly harder to read.

      NoRaiseOnDeiconify
              This variable indicates that windows that are deiconified
              should not be raised.

      NoRaiseOnMove
              This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when
              moved.  This is typically used to allow windows to slide
              underneath each other.



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      NoRaiseOnResize
              This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when
              resized.  This is typically used to allow windows to be
              resized underneath each other.

      NoRaiseOnWarp
              This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when
              the pointer is warped into them with the f.warpto function.
              If this option is set, warping to an occluded window may
              result in the pointer ending up in the occluding window
              instead the desired window (which causes unexpected behavior
              with f.warpring).

      NoSaveUnders
              This variable indicates that menus should not request save-
              unders to minimize window repainting following menu selection.
              It is typically used with displays that can repaint faster
              than they can handle save-unders.

      NoStackMode [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that client window requests to change
              stacking order should be ignored.  If the optional win-list is
              given, only requests on those windows will be ignored.  This
              is typically used to prevent applications from relentlessly
              popping themselves to the front of the window stack.

      NoTitle [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that windows should not have
              titlebars.  If the optional win-list is given, only those
              windows will not have titlebars.  MakeTitle may be used with
              this option to force titlebars to be put on specific windows.

      NoTitleFocus
              This variable indicates that twm should not set keyboard input
              focus to each window as it is entered.  Normally, twm sets the
              focus so that focus and key events from the titlebar and icon
              managers are delivered to the application.  If the pointer is
              moved quickly and twm is slow to respond, input can be
              directed to the old window instead of the new.  This option is
              typically used to prevent this ``input lag'' and to work
              around bugs in older applications that have problems with
              focus events.

      NoTitleHighlight [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that the highlight area of the
              titlebar, which is used to indicate the window that currently
              has the input focus, should not be displayed.  If the optional
              win-list is given, only those windows will not have highlight
              areas.  This and the SqueezeTitle options can be set to
              substantially reduce the amount of screen space required by
              titlebars.



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      OpaqueMove
              This variable indicates that the f.move function should
              actually move the window instead of just an outline so that
              the user can immediately see what the window will look like in
              the new position.  This option is typically used on fast
              displays (particularly if NoGrabServer is set).

      PannerBackgroundPixmap string
              This variable specifies the filename of a pixmap or bitmap
              file to be used as the background image of the panner.  If
              this file is a bitmap, the PannerBackground and
              PannerForeground colors are used when constructing the
              background.

      PannerGeometry string
              This variable specifies the position of the Virtual Desktop
              panner.  The default geometry is "-0-0".

      PannerOpaqueScroll
              This variable causes the panner to scroll the Virtual Desktop
              opaquely.  This variable only takes effect if the StickyAbove
              variable is also set.

      PannerScale scale
              This variable specifies that scale of the Virtual Desktop
              Panner in relation to the actual screen.  The default scale is
              20.

      PannerState string
              This variable specifies the initial state of the Virtual
              Desktop panner window.  Possible initial state values include
              "normal", "iconic", or "withdrawn".  The default initial state
              is "normal".

      Pixmaps { pixmaps }
              This variable specifies a list of pixmaps that define the
              appearance of various images.  Each entry is a keyword
              indicating the pixmap to set, followed by a string giving the
              name of the bitmap file.  The following pixmaps may be
              specified:

                   Pixmaps
                   {
                        VirtualDesktopBackgroundPixmap     "/homes/davis/pictures/background.gif"
                        PannerBackgroundPixmap        "panner.xpm"
                        TitleHighlight           "gray1"
                   }

              The default for TitleHighlight is to use an even stipple
              pattern.  The VirtualDesktopBackgroundPixmap and
              PannerBackgroundPixmap pixmaps can be set as detailed in each



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              of their own sections.

      RandomPlacement
              This variable indicates that windows with no specified
              geometry should should be placed in a pseudo-random location
              instead of having the user drag out an outline.

      ResizeFont string
              This variable specifies the font to be used for in the
              dimensions window when resizing windows.  The default is
              "fixed".

      RestartPreviousState
              This variable indicates that twm should attempt to use the
              WM_STATE property on client windows to tell which windows
              should be iconified and which should be left visible.  This is
              typically used to try to regenerate the state that the screen
              was in before the previous window manager was shutdown.

      SaveColor { colors-list }
              This variable indicates a list of color assignments to be
              stored as pixel values in the root window property
              _MIT_PRIORITY_COLORS.  Clients may elect to preserve these
              values when installing their own colormap.  Note that use of
              this mechanism is a way for an application to avoid the
              "technicolor" problem, whereby useful screen objects such as
              window borders and titlebars disappear when a programs custom
              colors are installed by the window manager.  For example:

                   SaveColor
                   {
                           BorderColor
                           TitleBackground
                           TitleForeground
                           "red"
                           "green"
                           "blue"
                   }

              This would place on the root window 3 pixel values for borders
              and titlebars, as well as the three color strings, all taken
              from the default colormap.

      ScrollDistanceX percentage
              This variable specifies the amount (as a percentage of the
              screen width) to move when one of the scroll functions
              f.scrollleft or f.scrollright is called.

      ScrollDistanceY percentage
              This variable specifies the amount (as a percentage of the
              screen height) to move when one of the scroll functions



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              f.scrollup or f.scrolldown is called.

      ShowIconManager
              This variable indicates that the icon manager window should be
              displayed when twm is started.  It can always be brought up
              using the f.showiconmgr function.

      ShowVirtualNames
              This variable causes client window names to be displayed in
              the small virtual windows inside the Virtual Desktop panner.
              The names will be displayed using the current VirtualFont.

      SortIconManager
              This variable indicates that entries in the icon manager
              should be sorted alphabetically rather than by simply
              appending new windows to the end.

      SqueezeTitle [{ squeeze-list }]
              This variable indicates that twm should attempt to use the
              SHAPE extension to make titlebars occupy only as much screen
              space as they need, rather than extending all the way across
              the top of the window.  The optional squeeze-list may be used
              to control the location of the squeezed titlebar along the top
              of the window.  It contains entries of the form:

                        "name"         justification  num  denom

              where name is a window name, justification is either left,
              center, or right, and num and denom are numbers specifying a
              ratio giving the relative position about which the titlebar is
              justified.  The ratio is measured from left to right if the
              numerator is positive, and right to left if negative.  A
              denominator of 0 indicates that the numerator should be
              measured in pixels.  For convenience, the ratio 0/0 is the
              same as 1/2 for center and -1/1 for right.  For example:

                   SqueezeTitle
                   {
                        "XTerm"   left      0    0
                        "xterm1"  left      1    3
                        "xterm2"  left      2    3
                        "oclock"  center         0    0
                        "emacs"   right          0    0
                   }

              The DontSqueezeTitle list can be used to turn off squeezing on
              certain titles.

      StartIconified [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that client windows should initially
              be left as icons until explicitly deiconified by the user.  If



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              the optional win-list is given, only those windows will be
              started iconic.  This is useful for programs that do not
              support an -iconic command line option or resource.

      StayUpMenus
              This variable alters menu interaction.  By default, a menu
              item is selected when a mouse button is released over it.
              This variable causes menu items to be selected on the next
              button press event.

      Sticky [{ win-list }]
              This variable is a list of client windows that will be sticky
              by default.  See the VIRTUAL DESKTOP section for a full
              description of sticky windows.

      StickyAbove
              This variable causes sticky windows to be physically above
              non-sticky windows.

      TitleBackground string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the background color used in
              titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a Color or
              Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window
              names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
              The default is "white".

      TitleButtonBorderWidth pixels
              This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border
              surrounding titlebuttons.  This is typically set to 0 to allow
              titlebuttons to take up as much space as possible and to not
              have a border.  The default is 1.

      TitleFont string
              This variable specifies the font to used for displaying window
              names in titlebars.  The default is "variable".

      TitleFontPadding pixels
              This variable specifies the number of pixels of padding to be
              placed above window titles.  This allows for using small fonts
              with larger buttons.

      TitleForeground string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the foreground color used in
              titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a Color or
              Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window
              names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
              The default is "black".

      TitlePadding pixels
              This variable specifies the distance between the various
              buttons, text, and highlight areas in the titlebar.  The



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              default is 8 pixels.

      UnknownIcon string
              This variable specifies the filename of a bitmap file to be
              used as the default icon.  This bitmap will be used as the
              icon of all clients which do not provide an icon bitmap and
              are not listed in the Icons list.

      UsePPosition string
              This variable specifies whether or not twm should honor
              program-requested locations (given by the PPosition flag in
              the WM_NORMAL_HINTS property) in the absence of a user-
              specified position.  The argument string may have one of three
              values:  "off" (the default) indicating that twm should ignore
              the program-supplied position, "on" indicating that the
              position should be used, and "non-zero" indicating that the
              position should used if it is other than (0,0).  The latter
              option is for working around a bug in older toolkits.

      VirtualDesktop string
              This variable enables the Virtual Desktop feature and
              specifies the initial size of the desktop, either in pixels or
              in integral multiples of the screen size.  The size is
              specified as a standard geometry string.  If a width or height
              value is smaller than the width or height of the physical
              display, it is assumed to mean a multiple of the screen size,
              otherwise it is assumed to be in pixels.  So to get a 2x2
              sized Virtual Desktop across all platforms, one could use the
              string "2x2" to enable the desktop.

      VirtualDesktopBackgroundPixmap string
              This variable specifies the filename of a image to be used as
              the background image of the Virtual Desktop.  If you have
              configured twm to use xloadimage(1) to load this image, the
              string must be a full pathname, or be in the image-path in
              your ~/.xloadimagerc file.  If you have not configured twm to
              use xloadimage(1), then it will load a bitmap or pixmap in the
              traditional fashion.  If the pixmap you load is a bitmap (one
              plane deep), VirtualDesktopBackground and
              VirtualDesktopForeground colors are used when constructing the
              background.

      WarpCursor [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that the pointer should be warped into
              windows when they are deiconified.  If the optional win-list
              is given, the pointer will only be warped when those windows
              are deiconified.  This will also change the position of the
              virtual desktop if the unmapped window wasn't visible from the
              actual position.





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      WrapVirtual
              This variable will cause tvtwm's scroll behavior to change
              slightly.  If this is set, then calls to f.scrollleft,
              f.scrollright, f.scrollup, and f.scrolldown, that would move
              the panner outside of the virtual desktop, will shift position
              to the other end.  In effect, "wrap-around" the outside of the
              virtual desktop.  (This is phrased poorly, and should be
              rewritten)

      VirtualFont font
              This is the font used to display window names in the small
              windows inside the panner if the ShowVirtualNames variable is
              specified.  The default font is "5x8".

      WindowRing { win-list }
              This variable specifies a list of windows along which the
              f.warpring function cycles.

      WarpUnmapped
              This variable indicates that that the f.warpto function should
              deiconify any iconified windows it encounters.  This is
              typically used to make a key binding that will pop a
              particular window (such as xmh), no matter where it is.  The
              default is for f.warpto to ignore iconified windows.

      XorValue number
              This variable specifies the value to use when drawing window
              outlines for moving and resizing.  This should be set to a
              value that will result in a variety of of distinguishable
              colors when exclusive-or'ed with the contents of the user's
              typical screen.  Setting this variable to 1 often gives nice
              results if adjacent colors in the default colormap are
              distinct.  By default, twm will attempt to cause temporary
              lines to appear at the opposite end of the colormap from the
              graphics.

      Zoom [ count ]
              This variable indicates that outlines suggesting movement of a
              window to and from its iconified state should be displayed
              whenever a window is iconified or deiconified.  The optional
              count argument specifies the number of outlines to be drawn.
              The default count is 8.

      The following variables must be set after the fonts have been
      assigned, so it is usually best to put them at the end of the
      variables or beginning of the bindings sections:

      DefaultFunction function
              This variable specifies the function to be executed when a key
              or button event is received for which no binding is provided.
              This is typically bound to f.nop, f.beep, or a menu containing



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              window operations.

      WindowFunction function
              This variable specifies the function to execute when a window
              is selected from the TwmWindows menu.  If this variable is not
              set, the window will be deiconified and raised.

 BINDINGS
      After the desired variables have been set, functions may be attached
      titlebuttons and key and pointer buttons.  Titlebuttons may be added
      from the left or right side and appear in the titlebar from left-to-
      right according to the order in which they are specified.  Key and
      pointer button bindings may be given in any order.

      Titlebuttons specifications must include the name of the pixmap to use
      in the button box and the function to be invoked when a pointer button
      is pressed within them:

           LeftTitleButton "bitmapname"  = function

      or

           RightTitleButton "bitmapname" = function

      The bitmapname may refer to one of the  built-in bitmaps (which are
      scaled to match TitleFont) by using the appropriate colon-prefixed
      name described above.

      Key and pointer button specifications must give the modifiers that
      must be pressed, over which parts of the screen the pointer must be,
      and what function is to be invoked.  Keys are given as strings
      containing the appropriate keysym name; buttons are given as the
      keywords Button1-Button5:

           "FP1"          = modlist : context : function
           Button1   = modlist : context : function

      The modlist is any combination of the modifier names shift, control,
      lock, meta, mod1, mod2, mod3, mod4, or mod5 (which may be abbreviated
      as s, c, l, m, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, respectively) separated by a
      vertical bar (|).  Similarly, the context is any combination of
      window, title, icon, root, frame, iconmgr, their first letters
      (iconmgr abbreviation is m), or all, separated by a vertical bar.  The
      function is any of the f. keywords described below.  For example, the
      default startup file contains the following bindings:

           Button1   =    : root         : f.menu "TwmWindows"
           Button1   = m  : window | icon     : f.function "move-or-lower"
           Button2   = m  : window | icon     : f.iconify
           Button3   = m  : window | icon     : f.function "move-or-raise"
           Button1   =    : title        : f.function "move-or-raise"



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           Button2   =    : title        : f.raiselower
           Button1   =    : icon         : f.function "move-or-iconify"
           Button2   =    : icon         : f.iconify
           Button1   =    : iconmgr : f.iconify
           Button2   =    : iconmgr : f.iconify

      A user who wanted to be able to manipulate windows from the keyboard
      could use the following bindings:

           "F1"      =    : all          : f.iconify
           "F2"      =    : all          : f.raiselower
           "F3"      =    : all          : f.warpring "next"
           "F4"      =    : all          : f.warpto "xmh"
           "F5"      =    : all          : f.warpto "emacs"
           "F6"      =    : all          : f.colormap "next"
           "F7"      =    : all          : f.colormap "default"
           "F20"          =    : all          : f.warptoscreen "next"
           "Left"         = m  : all          : f.backiconmgr
           "Right"   = m | s   : all          : f.forwiconmgr
           "Up"      = m  : all          : f.upiconmgr
           "Down"    = m | s   : all          : f.downiconmgr

      Twm provides many more window manipulation primitives than can be
      conveniently stored in a titlebar, menu, or set of key bindings.
      Although a small set of defaults are supplied (unless the NoDefaults
      is specified), most users will want to have their most common
      operations bound to key and button strokes.  To do this, twm
      associates names with each of the primitives and provides user-defined
      functions for building higher level primitives and menus for
      interactively selecting among groups of functions.

      User-defined functions contain the name by which they are referenced
      in calls to f.function and a list of other functions to execute.  For
      example:

           Function "move-or-lower" { f.move f.deltastop f.lower }
           Function "move-or-raise" { f.move f.deltastop f.raise }
           Function "move-or-iconify"    { f.move f.deltastop f.iconify }
           Function "restore-colormap"   { f.colormap "default" f.lower }

      The function name must be used in f.function exactly as it appears in
      the function specification.

      In the descriptions below, if the function is said to operate on the
      selected window, but is invoked from a root menu, the cursor will be
      changed to the Select cursor and the next window to receive a button
      press will be chosen:

      ! string
              This is an abbreviation for f.exec string.




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      f.autoraise
              This function toggles whether or not the selected window is
              raised whenever entered by the pointer.  See the description
              of the variable AutoRaise.

      f.backiconmgr
              This function warps the pointer to the previous column in the
              current icon manager, wrapping back to the previous row if
              necessary.

      f.beep  This function sounds the keyboard bell.

      f.bottomzoom
              This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function, but
              resizes the window to fill only the bottom half of the screen.

      f.circledown
              This function lowers the top-most window that occludes another
              window.

      f.circleup
              This function raises the bottom-most window that is occluded
              by another window.

      f.colormap string
              This function rotates the colormaps (obtained from the
              WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property on the window) that twm will
              display when the pointer is in this window.  The argument
              string may have one of the following values: "next", "prev",
              and "default".  It should be noted here that in general, the
              installed colormap is determined by keyboard focus.  A pointer
              driven keyboard focus will install a private colormap upon
              entry of the window owning the colormap.  Using the click to
              type model, private colormaps will not be installed until the
              user presses a mouse button on the target window.

      f.constrainedmove
              This function will have approximately the same behavior,
              except that the move will be constrained without need for
              double clicking.

      f.deiconify
              This function deiconifies the selected window.  If the window
              is not an icon or an unmapped window, this function does
              nothing.

      f.delete
              This function sends the WM_DELETE_WINDOW message to the
              selected window if the client application has requested it
              through the WM_PROTOCOLS window property.  The application is
              supposed to respond to the message by removing the indicated



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              window.  If the window has not requested WM_DELETE_WINDOW
              messages, the keyboard bell will be rung indicating that the
              user should choose an alternative method.  Note this is very
              different from f.destroy.  The intent here is to delete a
              single window,  not necessarily the entire application.

      f.deltastop
              This function allows a user-defined function to be aborted if
              the pointer has been moved more than MoveDelta pixels.  See
              the example definition given for Function "move-or-raise" at
              the beginning of the section.

      f.destroy
              This function instructs the X server to close the display
              connection of the client that created the selected window.
              This should only be used as a last resort for shutting down
              runaway clients.  See also f.delete.

      f.downiconmgr
              This function warps the pointer to the next row in the current
              icon manger, wrapping to the beginning of the next column if
              necessary.

      f.exec string
              This function passes the argument string to /bin/sh for
              execution.  In multiscreen mode, if string starts a new X
              client without giving a display argument, the client will
              appear on the screen from which this function was invoked.

      f.focus This function toggles the keyboard focus of the server to the
              selected window, changing the focus rule from pointer-driven
              if necessary.  If the selected window already was focused,
              this function executes an f.unfocus.

      f.forcemove
              This function is like f.move except that it ignores the
              DontMoveOff variable.

      f.forwiconmgr
              This function warps the pointer to the next column in the
              current icon manager, wrapping to the beginning of the next
              row if necessary.

      f.fullzoom
              This function resizes the selected window to the full size of
              the display or else restores the original size if the window
              was already zoomed.

      f.function string
              This function executes the user-defined function whose name is
              specified by the argument string.



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      f.hbzoom
              This function is a synonym for f.bottomzoom.

      f.hideiconmgr
              This function unmaps the current icon manager.

      f.horizoom
              This variable is similar to the f.zoom function except that
              the selected window is resized to the full width of the
              display.

      f.htzoom
              This function is a synonym for f.topzoom.

      f.hzoom This function is a synonym for f.horizoom.

      f.iconify
              This function iconifies or deiconifies the selected window or
              icon, respectively.

      f.identify
              This function displays a summary of the name and geometry of
              the selected window.  Clicking the pointer or pressing a key
              in the window will dismiss it.

      f.lefticonmgr
              This function similar to f.backiconmgr except that wrapping
              does not change rows.

      f.leftzoom
              This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function but
              causes the selected window is only resized to the left half of
              the display.

      f.lower This function lowers the selected window.

      f.menu string
              This function invokes the menu specified by the argument
              string.  Cascaded menus may be built by nesting calls to
              f.menu.

      f.menufunc string1 : string2
              This functions invokes a menu like f.menu, but if the user
              does not pop up the menu menu "string1" the function  string2
              will be called.

      f.move  This function drags an outline of the selected window (or the
              window itself if the OpaqueMove variable is set) until the
              invoking pointer button is released.  Double clicking within
              the number of milliseconds given by ConstrainedMoveTime warps
              the pointer to the center of the window and constrains the



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              move to be either horizontal or vertical depending on which
              grid line is crossed.  To abort a move, press another button
              before releasing the first button.

      f.nexticonmgr
              This function warps the pointer to the next icon manager
              containing any windows on the current or any succeeding
              screen.

      f.nop   This function does nothing and is typically used with the
              DefaultFunction or WindowFunction variables or to introduce
              blank lines in menus.

      f.opaquemove
              This function will exact as does f.move, but it will do an
              opaque move regardless of whether OpaqueMove is set or not.

      f.panner
              This function toggles the display of the panner window.

      f.previconmgr
              This function warps the pointer to the previous icon manager
              containing any windows on the current or preceding screens.

      f.quit  This function causes twm to restore the window's borders and
              exit.  If twm is the first client invoked from xdm, this will
              result in a server reset.

      f.raise This function raises the selected window.

      f.raiselower
              This function raises the selected window to the top of the
              stacking order if it is occluded by any windows, otherwise the
              window will be lowered.

      f.refresh
              This function causes all windows to be refreshed.

      f.relativemove string
              This function will move the selected window relative to its
              current position.  The string parameter is a geometry
              specification indicating how many pixels to move the window.
              For example, "+15+0" would move the window fifteen (15) pixels
              to the right, and "+5-10" would move the window five (5)
              pixels right and ten (10) pixels up.

      f.relativeresize
              This function will do a resize and behave as if
              AutoRelativeResize were set, whether it is or not





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      f.resize
              This function displays an outline of the selected window.
              Crossing a border (or setting AutoRelativeResize) will cause
              the outline to begin to rubber band until the invoking button
              is released.  To abort a resize, press another button before
              releasing the first button.

      f.restart
              This function kills and restarts twm.

      f.righticonmgr
              This function is similar to f.nexticonmgr except that wrapping
              does not change rows.

      f.rightzoom
              This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function except
              that the selected window is only resized to the right half of
              the display.

      f.saveyourself
              This function sends a WM_SAVEYOURSELF message to the selected
              window if it has requested the message in its WM_PROTOCOLS
              window property.  Clients that accept this message are
              supposed to checkpoint all state associated with the window
              and update the WM_COMMAND property as specified in the ICCCM.
              If the selected window has not selected for this message, the
              keyboard bell will be rung.

      f.scroll string
              This function scrolls the Virtual Desktop to a specific
              logical screen quadrant.  The string parameter is a geometry
              specification indicating how to scroll the desktop.  For
              example, "+0+0" would scroll the desktop to the home location
              and "+2+1" would scroll the desktop to the quadrant in the
              third logical column and the second row.

      f.scrollback
              This function scrolls the Virtual Desktop back to its previous
              location.

      f.scrolldown
              This function scrolls the Virtual Desktop down a fraction of
              the height of the screen specified in ScrollDistanceY.

      f.scrollhome
              This function scrolls the Virtual Desktop to the home
              location.

      f.scrollleft
              This function scrolls the Virtual Desktop left a fraction of
              the width of the screen specified in ScrollDistanceX.



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      f.scrollright
              This function scrolls the Virtual Desktop right a fraction of
              the width of the screen specified in ScrollDistanceX.

      f.scrollup
              This function scrolls the Virtual Desktop up one a fraction of
              the height of the screen specified in ScrollDistanceY.

      f.showiconmgr
              This function maps the current icon manager.

      f.sorticonmgr
              This function sorts the entries in the current icon manager
              alphabetically.  See the variable SortIconManager.

      f.stick This function toggles making a window sticky.

      f.title This function provides a centered, unselectable item in a menu
              definition.  It should not be used in any other context.

      f.topzoom
              This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function except
              that the selected window is only resized to the top half of
              the display.

      f.unfocus
              This function resets the focus back to pointer-driven.  This
              should be used when a focused window is no longer desired.

      f.upiconmgr
              This function warps the pointer to the previous row in the
              current icon manager, wrapping to the last row in the same
              column if necessary.

      f.vlzoom
              This function is a synonym for f.leftzoom.

      f.vrzoom
              This function is a synonym for f.rightzoom.

      f.warpring string
              This function warps the pointer to the next or previous window
              (as indicated by the argument string, which may be "next" or
              "prev") specified in the WindowRing variable.

      f.warpto string
              This function warps the pointer to the window which has a name
              or class that matches string.  If the window is iconified, it
              will be deiconified if the variable WarpUnmapped is set or
              else ignored.  If string is empty (i.e. ""), the current
              window is selected.  In addition to warping the pointer to the



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              window the Virtual Desktop will be scrolled to the logical
              quadrant that contains the window.

      f.warptoiconmgr string
              This function warps the pointer to the icon manager entry
              associated with the window containing the pointer in the icon
              manager specified by the argument string.  If string is empty
              (i.e. ""), the current icon manager is chosen.

      f.warptoscreen string
              This function warps the pointer to the screen specified by the
              argument string.  String may be a number (e.g. "0" or "1"),
              the word "next" (indicating the current screen plus 1,
              skipping over any unmanaged screens), the word "back"
              (indicating the current screen minus 1, skipping over any
              unmanaged screens), or the word "prev" (indicating the last
              screen visited.

      f.winrefresh
              This function is similar to the f.refresh function except that
              only the selected window is refreshed.

      f.zoom  This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function, except
              that the only the height of the selected window is changed.

 MENUS
      Functions may be grouped and interactively selected using pop-up (when
      bound to a pointer button) or pull-down (when associated with a
      titlebutton) menus.  Each menu specification contains the name of the
      menu as it will be referred to by f.menu, optional default foreground
      and background colors, the list of item names and the functions they
      should invoke, and optional foreground and background colors for
      individual items:

           Menu "menuname" [ ("deffore":"defback") ]
           {
                string1   [ ("fore1":"backn")]     function1
                string2   [ ("fore2":"backn")]     function2
                     .
                     .
                     .
                stringN   [ ("foreN":"backN")]     functionN
           }


      The menuname is case-sensitive.  The optional deffore and defback
      arguments specify the foreground and background colors used on a color
      display to highlight menu entries.  The string portion of each menu
      entry will be the text which will appear in the menu.  The optional
      fore and back arguments specify the foreground and background colors
      of the menu entry when the pointer is not in the entry.  These colors



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      will only be used on a color display.  The default is to use the
      colors specified by the MenuForeground and MenuBackground variables.
      The function portion of the menu entry is one of the functions,
      including any user-defined functions, or additional menus.

      There is a special menu named TwmWindows which contains the names of
      all of the client and twm-supplied windows.  Selecting an entry will
      cause the WindowFunction to be executed on that window.  If
      WindowFunction hasn't been set, the window will be deiconified and
      raised.  If the Virtual Desktop is enabled, the desktop will also be
      scrolled to the logical quadrant that contains the windows.

 ICONS
      Twm supports several different ways of manipulating iconified windows.
      The common pixmap-and-text style may be laid out by hand or
      automatically arranged as described by the IconRegion variable.  In
      addition, a terse grid of icon names, called an icon manager, provides
      a more efficient use of screen space as well as the ability to
      navigate among windows from the keyboard.

      An icon manager is a window that contains names of selected or all
      windows currently on the display.  In addition to the window name, a
      small button using the default iconify symbol will be displayed to the
      left of the name when the window is iconified.  By default, clicking
      on an entry in the icon manager performs f.iconify.  To change the
      actions taken in the icon manager, use the the iconmgr context when
      specifying button and keyboard bindings.

      Moving the pointer into the icon manager also directs keyboard focus
      to the indicated window (setting the focus explicitly or else sending
      synthetic events NoTitleFocus is set).  Using the f.upiconmgr,
      f.downiconmgr f.lefticonmgr, and f.righticonmgr functions, the input
      focus can be changed between windows directly from the keyboard.

 SIGNALS
      It is possible to issue a the equivalent of a f.restart via a unix
      signal.  This is intended to ease debugging of twm initialization
      files.   To force this send a SIGUSR1 to the twm process ID.   See man
      kill(1) for more details.

 BUGS
      The resource manager should have been used instead of all of the
      window lists.

      The IconRegion variable should take a list.

      Double clicking very fast to get the constrained move function will
      sometimes cause the window to move, even though the pointer is not
      moved.





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      If IconifyByUnmapping is on and windows are listed in
      IconManagerDontShow but not in DontIconifyByUnmapping, they may be
      lost if they are iconified and no bindings to f.menu "TwmWindows" or
      f.warpto are setup.

 FILES
       $HOME/.[tv]twmrc.<screen number>
       $HOME/.[tv]twmrc
       /usr/lib/X11/twm/system.[tv]twmrc

 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
      DISPLAY This variable is used to determine which X server to use.  It
              is also set during f.exec so that programs come up on the
              proper screen.

      HOME    This variable is used as the prefix for files that begin with
              a tilde and for locating the twm startup file.

 SEE ALSO
      X(1), Xserver(1), xdm(1), xrdb(1), m4(1), kill(1)

 COPYRIGHT
      Portions copyright 1988 Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation;
      portions copyright 1989 Hewlett-Packard Company and the Massachusetts
      Institute of Technology,  See X(1) for a full statement of rights and
      permissions.

 AUTHORS
      Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Chris Ross, University of Maryland;
      Jim Fulton, MIT X Consortium; Steve Pitschke, Stardent Computer; Keith
      Packard, MIT X Consortium; Dave Sternlicht, MIT X Consortium; Dave
      Payne, Apple Computer.

      Virtual Desktop added by Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer.




















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