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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



 NAME
      ctwm - Tab Window Manager for the X Window System

 SYNTAX
      ctwm [-display dpy] [-s] [-f initfile] [-v] [-n] [-k] [-K m4file] [-w
      [win-id]]

 DESCRIPTION
      Ctwm is a window manager for the X Window System.  It provides
      titlebars, shaped windows, virtual screens (workspaces), several forms
      of icon management, user-defined macro functions, click-to-type and
      pointer-driven keyboard focus, and user-specified key and pointer
      button bindings.  It is actually twm (Tab Window Manager) from the MIT
      X11 distribution slightly modified to accommodate the use of several
      virtual screens (workspaces). It is heavily inspired from the
      Hewlett-Packard vuewm window manager. In addition, ctwm can use
      coloured, shaped icons and background root pixmaps in XPM format [from
      Arnaud Le Hors],any format understood by the imconv package [from the
      San Diego Supercomputer Center] and xwd files. Ctwm can be compiled to
      use both, either or none of the above icon/pixmap formats.

      This program is usually started by the user's session manager or
      startup script.  When used from xdm(1) or xinit(1) without a session
      manager, ctwm is frequently executed in the foreground as the last
      client.  When run this way, exiting ctwm causes the session to be
      terminated (i.e. logged out).

      By default, application windows are surrounded by a ``frame'' with a
      titlebar at the top and a special border around the window.  The
      titlebar contains the window's name, a rectangle that is lit when the
      window is receiving keyboard input, and function boxes known as
      ``titlebuttons'' at the left and right edges of the titlebar.

      Pressing pointer Button1 (usually the left-most button unless it has
      been changed with xmodmap) on a titlebutton will invoke the function
      associated with the button.  In the default interface, windows are
      iconified by clicking (pressing and then immediately releasing) the
      left titlebutton (which looks like a Dot).  Conversely, windows are
      deiconified by clicking in the associated icon or entry in the icon
      manager (see description of the variable ShowIconManager and of the
      function f.showiconmgr).

      Windows are resized by pressing the right titlebutton (which resembles
      a group of nested squares), dragging the pointer over edge that is to
      be moved, and releasing the pointer when the outline of the window is
      the desired size.  Similarly, windows are moved by pressing in the
      title or highlight region, dragging a window outline to the new
      location, and then releasing when the outline is in the desired
      position.  Just clicking in the title or highlight region raises the
      window without moving it.




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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      When new windows are created, ctwm will honor any size and location
      information requested by the user (usually through -geometry command
      line argument or resources for the individual applications).
      Otherwise, an outline of the window's default size, its titlebar, and
      lines dividing the window into a 3x3 grid that track the pointer are
      displayed.  Clicking pointer Button1 will position the window at the
      current position and give it the default size.  Pressing pointer
      Button2 (usually the middle pointer button) and dragging the outline
      will give the window its current position but allow the sides to be
      resized as described above.  Clicking pointer Button3 (usually the
      right pointer button) will give the window its current position but
      attempt to make it long enough to touch the bottom the screen.

 OPTIONS
      Ctwm accepts the following command line options:

      -display dpy
              This option specifies the X server to use.

      -s      This option indicates that only the default screen (as
              specified by -display or by the DISPLAY environment variable)
              should be managed.  By default, ctwm will attempt to manage
              all screens on the display.

      -f filename
              This option specifies the name of the startup file to use.
              Ctwm will first try to load filename.num, where num is the
              screen number.  If it fails, it will try to load filename.  By
              default, ctwm will look in the user's home directory for files
              named .ctwmrc.num (where num is a screen number) or .ctwmrc.

      -v      This option indicates that ctwm should print error messages
              whenever an unexpected X Error event is received.  This can be
              useful when debugging applications but can be distracting in
              regular use.

      -n      This option indicates that ctwm should not filter the startup
              file through m4. Available only if ctwm is compiled with the
              USEM4 flag.

      -k      This option indicates that ctwm should keep the definitions it
              prepends to your startup file when filtering through m4 in
              /tmp.  Available only if ctwm is compiled with the USEM4 flag.

              -K m4file This option indicates that ctwm should keep the
              result of filtering your startup file through m4 in the named
              file.  Available only if ctwm is compiled with the USEM4 flag.


      -version
              ctwm just prints its version number.



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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      -info   ctwm prints its detailed version and compile time options.


      -w [win-id]
              If -w is specified without a win-id value, ctwm does not take
              over the whole screen(s), instead it creates a new window that
              becomes its root window. if the win-id value is given, it is
              considered to be the id of an existing window, in which case,
              ctwm will try to use this window as root window. You can run
              any number of instantiation of ctwm at the same time. You can
              even have embedded ctwm instantiations. This is totally
              useless, but I like. The f.adoptwindow function can be used to
              capture an existing window belonging to another ctwm. A
              possible use of such mode can be to test new configuration
              file without restarting ctwm.

      -W      This option tells ctwm not to display any welcome when
              starting.


 CUSTOMIZATION
      Much of ctwm's appearance and behavior can be controlled by providing
      a startup file in one of the following locations (searched in order
      for each screen being managed when ctwm begins):

      $HOME/.ctwmrc.screennumber
              The screennumber is a small positive number (e.g. 0, 1, etc.)
              representing the screen number (e.g. the last number in the
              DISPLAY environment variable host:displaynum.screennum) that
              would be used to contact that screen of the display.  This is
              intended for displays with multiple screens of differing
              visual types.

      $HOME/.ctwmrc
              This is the usual name for an individual user's startup file.

      $HOME/.twmrc
              The users twm startup file.

      /usr/lib/X11/twm/system.ctwmrc
              If none of the preceding files are found, ctwm will look in
              this file for a default configuration.  This is often tailored
              by the site administrator to provide convenient menus or
              familiar bindings for novice users.

      If no startup files are found, ctwm will use the built-in defaults
      described above.  The only resource used by ctwm is bitmapFilePath for
      a colon-separated list of directories to search when looking for
      bitmap files (for more information, see the Athena Widgets manual and
      xrdb(1)).




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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      Ctwm startup files are logically broken up into three types of
      specifications:  Variables, Bindings, Menus.  The Variables section
      must come first and is used to describe the fonts, colors, cursors,
      border widths, icon and window placement, highlighting, autoraising,
      layout of titles, warping, use of the icon manager.  The Bindings
      section usually comes second and is used to specify the functions that
      should be to be invoked when keyboard and pointer buttons are pressed
      in windows, icons, titles, and frames.  The Menus section gives any
      user-defined menus (containing functions to be invoked or commands to
      be executed).

      Variable names and keywords are case-insensitive.  Strings must be
      surrounded by double quote characters (e.g. "blue") and are case-
      sensitive.  A pound sign (#) outside of a string causes the remainder
      of the line in which the character appears to be treated as a comment.

 M4 PREPROCESSING
      ctwm uses m4(1) to pre-process its setup files.  When ctwm starts up,
      it opens a file for input as described above.  But, it processes that
      file through m4 before parsing it. So, you can use m4 macro's to
      perform operations at runtime.  This makes it very easy to work when
      you use many different display's, with different characteristics.  For
      example, If you want to set the lower right section of the screen to
      be your IconRegion, (see below for details on the IconRegion variable)
      you can use m4 directives and pre-defined symbols to calculate the
      region you want.  For example:

           define(IRegion, translit(eval(WIDTH/3)*eval(HEIGHT/2)+eval(WIDTH-WIDTH/3)-0, *, x))
           IconRegion  "IRegion" SOUTH EAST 75 25

      will define the lower half, and right-hand third of the screen.  The
      above makes use of symbols that are predefined in m4 by ctwm.  The
      symbols WIDTH and HEIGHT are calculated by ctwm and written into a
      temporary file for m4 to use.  The following symbols are predefined by
      ctwm:

      SERVERHOST              This variable is set to the name of the
                              machine that is running the X server.

      CLIENTHOST              The machine that is running the clients.  (ie,
                              ctwm)

      HOSTNAME                The canonical hostname running the clients.
                              (ie. a fully-qualified version of CLIENTHOST)

      USER                    The name of the user running the program.
                              Gotten from the environment.

      HOME                    The user's home directory.  Gotten from the
                              environment.




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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      VERSION                 The X major protocol version.  As seen by
                              ProtocolVersion(3).

      REVISION                The X minor protocol revision.  As seen by
                              ProtocolRevision(3).

      VENDOR                  The vendor of your X server.  For example: MIT
                              X Consortium.

      RELEASE                 The release number of your X server.  For MIT
                              X11R5, this is 5.

      WIDTH                   The width of your display in pixels.

      HEIGHT                  The height of your display in pixels.

      X_RESOLUTION            The X resolution of your display in pixels per
                              meter.

      Y_RESOLUTION            The Y resolution of your display in pixels per
                              meter.

      PLANES                  The number of bit planes your display supports
                              in the default root window.

      BITS_PER_RGB            The number of significant bits in an RGB
                              color.  (log base 2 of the number of distinct
                              colors that can be created.  This is often
                              different from the number of colors that can
                              be displayed at once.)

      TWM_TYPE                Tells which twm offshoot is running.  It will
                              always be set to the string "ctwm" in this
                              program.  This is useful for protecting parts
                              of your .twmrc file that ctwm proper won't
                              understand (like WorkSpaces) so that it is
                              still usable with other twm programs.

      TWM_VERSION             Tells which ctwm version is running in the
                              form of a floating point number.

      CLASS                   Your visual class.  Will return one of
                              StaticGray, GrayScale, StaticColor,
                              PseudoColor, TrueColor, DirectColor, or, if it
                              cannot determine what you have, NonStandard.

      COLOR                   This will be either 'Yes' or 'No'.  This is
                              just a wrapper around the above definition.
                              Returns 'Yes' on *Color, and 'No' on
                              StaticGray and GrayScale.




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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      XPM                     Is defined only if ctwm was compiled with XPM.


      TWM_CAPTIVE             This will be either 'Yes' or 'No'. 'Yes' if
                              the current ctwm is captive (flag -w), 'No' in
                              the other case.


      TWM_CAPTIVE_NAME        Defined only if TWM_CAPTIVE is also defined.
                              Contains the name of the captive ctwm (-name
                              flag);


      You may well find that if you research the m4(1) manual well, and
      understand the power of m4, this will be a very useful and powerful
      tool.  But, if you use any of the symbols which are predefined by m4,
      you are in severe danger!  For example, the Sun m4 predefines shift,
      so if you use that name in your .ctwmrc, you are out of luck.

      The availability of the m4 preprocessing is subject to the compilation
      define USEM4.

 VARIABLES
      Many of the aspects of ctwm's user interface are controlled by
      variables that may be set in the user's startup file.  Some of the
      options are enabled or disabled simply by the presence of a particular
      keyword.  Other options require keywords, numbers, strings, or lists
      of all of these.

      Lists are surrounded by braces and are usually separated by whitespace
      or a newline.  For example:

           AutoRaise { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" }

      or

           AutoRaise
           {
                "emacs"
                "XTerm"
                "Xmh"
           }

      When a variable containing a list of strings representing windows is
      searched (e.g. to determine whether or not to enable autoraise as
      shown above), a string must be an exact, case-sensitive match to the
      window's name name (given by the WM_NAME window property), resource
      name or class name (both given by the WM_CLASS window property).  The
      preceding example would enable autoraise on windows named ``emacs'' as
      well as any xterm (since they are of class ``XTerm'') or xmh windows
      (which are of class ``Xmh'').



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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      String arguments that are interpreted as filenames (see the Pixmaps,
      Cursors, and IconDirectory below) will prepend the user's directory
      (specified by the HOME environment variable) if the first character is
      a tilde (~).  If, instead, the first character is a colon (:), the
      name is assumed to refer to one of the internal bitmaps that are used
      to create the default titlebars symbols:  :xlogo or :iconify (both
      refer to the X used for the iconify button), :resize (the nested
      squares used by the resize button), and :question (the question mark
      used for non-existent bitmap files).

      The following variables may be specified at the top of a ctwm startup
      file.  Lists of Window name prefix strings are indicated by win-list.
      Optional arguments are shown in square brackets:

      AlwaysOnTop { win-list }
              This variable specifies a list of windows (all windows if the
              list is defaulted) that ctwm will try its best to maintain on
              top of others. This doesn't work in all case.


      AlwaysShowWindowWhenMovingFromWorkspaceManager
              When ReallyMoveInWorkspaceManager is present and the user is
              moving a window from the WorkSpaceMap, ctwm display the actual
              window only if it crosses the current active workspace. If
              AlwaysShowWindowWhenMovingFromWorkspaceManager is present, the
              actual window is always visible during the move, regardless of
              whether it crosses the current workspace or not. The Shift key
              toggles this behaviour.


      AnimationSpeed speed
              The speed argument is a non-negative integer. It determines
              the number of times a second animations (if any) are updated.
              If speed is 0, animations are freezed. The default value is 0.



      AutoFocusToTransients
              Transient windows get focus automatically when created.
              Useful with programs that have keyboard shortcuts that pop up
              windows.


      AutoLower { win-list }
              This variable specicies a list of windows (all windows if the
              list is defaulted) to be automatically lowered whenever the
              point leaves a window.  This action can be interactively
              enabled or disabled on individual windows using the function
              f.autolower.





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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      AutoOccupy
              This variable specifies that clients will automatically change
              their occupation when their name or icon name changes. The new
              occupation will be recalculated from the Occupy and OccupyAll
              fields in the .ctwmrc file.


      AutoRaise { win-list }
              This variable specifies a list of windows (all windows if the
              list is defaulted) to be automatically raised whenever the
              pointer has come to rest in a window for the amount of time
              specified by the RaiseDelay variable. This action can be
              interactively enabled or disabled on individual windows using
              the function f.autoraise.


      AutoRaiseIcons
              Icons are raised when the cursor enters it. Useful with
              SchrinkIconTitles.


      AutoRelativeResize
              This variable indicates that dragging out a window size
              (either when initially sizing the window with pointer Button2
              or when resizing it) should not wait until the pointer has
              crossed the window edges.  Instead, moving the pointer
              automatically causes the nearest edge or edges to move by the
              same amount.  This allows the resizing of windows that extend
              off the edge of the screen.  If the pointer is in the center
              of the window, or if the resize is begun by pressing a
              titlebutton, ctwm will still wait for the pointer to cross a
              window edge (to prevent accidents).  This option is
              particularly useful for people who like the press-drag-release
              method of sweeping out window sizes.


      AutoSqueeze { win-list }
              These windows will be auto-squeezed (see f.squeeze). i.e.
              automatically unsqueezed when they get focus, and squeezed
              when they loose it. Useful for the workspace manager. Not
              authorized for icon managers.


      BeNiceToColormap
              By defaults new colors are allocated for shadows when a 3D
              look is used, but when you specify BeNiceToColormap ctwm uses
              stipling instead of new colors, the effect is less beautiful,
              but acceptable. In this case ClearShadowContrast and
              DarkShadowContrast have no effects.





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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      BorderBottom pixels
              This variable specifies the width in pixels of a forbidden
              zone at the bottom of the screen. All constrained window
              function (f.movepack, f.move with DontMoveOff, etc...) will
              use consider this zone as offscreen.  Default is 0;


      BorderColor string [{ wincolorlist }]
              This variable specifies the default color of the border to be
              placed around all non-iconified windows, and may only be given
              within a Color or Monochrome list.  The optional wincolorlist
              specifies a list of window and color name pairs for specifying
              particular border colors for different types of windows.  For
              example:

                   BorderColor "gray50"
                   {
                        "XTerm"   "red"
                        "xmh"     "green"
                   }

              The default is "black".


      BorderLeft pixels
              This variable specifies the width in pixels of a forbidden
              zone at the left of the screen. All constrained window
              function (f.movepack, f.move with DontMoveOff, etc...) will
              use consider this zone as offscreen.  Default is 0;


      BorderResizeCursors
              This variable specifies that ctwm should use resizing cursors
              when the pointer is on the window border. To be used
              preferably when you have bound a button to f.resize in the
              frame context.


      BorderRight pixels
              This variable specifies the width in pixels of a forbidden
              zone at the right of the screen. All constrained window
              function (f.movepack, f.move with DontMoveOff, etc...) will
              use consider this zone as offscreen.  Default is 0;


      BorderShadowDepth pixels
              This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm uses for
              3D window borders, when UseThreeDBorders is selected.

      BorderTileBackground string [{ wincolorlist }]
              This variable specifies the default background color in the



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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



              gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if
              NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may only be given within a
              Color or Monochrome list.  The optional wincolorlist allows
              per-window colors to be specified.  The default  is "white".


      BorderTileForeground string [{ wincolorlist }]
              This variable specifies the default foreground color in the
              gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if
              NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may only be given within a
              Color or Monochrome list.  The optional wincolorlist allows
              per-window colors to be specified.  The default is "black".


      BorderTop pixels
              This variable specifies the width in pixels of a forbidden
              zone at the top of the screen. All constrained window function
              (f.movepack, f.move with DontMoveOff, etc...) will use
              consider this zone as offscreen.  Default is 0;


      BorderWidth pixels
              This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border
              surrounding all client window frames if ClientBorderWidth has
              not been specified.  This value is also used to set the border
              size of windows created by ctwm (such as the icon manager).
              The default is 2.


      ButtonIndent pixels
              This variable specifies the amount by which titlebuttons
              should be indented on all sides.  Positive values cause the
              buttons to be smaller than the window text and highlight area
              so that they stand out.  Setting this and the
              TitleButtonBorderWidth variables to 0 makes titlebuttons be as
              tall and wide as possible.  The default is 1 if
              UseThreeDTitles is not set, 0 if it is set.


      CenterFeedbackWindow
              The moving and resizing information window is centered in the
              middle of the screen instead of the top left corner.


      ClearShadowContrast contrast
              Indicates to ctwm how to calculate the clear shadow color for
              3D items.  The value is a comprised between 0 and 100. The







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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



              formula used is :

                       clear.{RGB} = (65535 - color.{RGB}) * (contrast / 100).

              Has no effect if BeNiceToColormap is active.


      ClientBorderWidth
              This variable indicates that border width of a window's frame
              should be set to the initial border width of the window,
              rather than to the value of BorderWidth.


      Color { colors-list }
              This variable specifies a list of color assignments to be made
              if the default display is capable of displaying more than
              simple black and white.  The colors-list is made up of the
              following color variables and their values: DefaultBackground,
              DefaultForeground, MenuBackground, MenuForeground,
              MenuTitleBackground, MenuTitleForeground, and MenuShadowColor.
              The following color variables may also be given a list of
              window and color name pairs to allow per-window colors to be
              specified (see BorderColor for details): BorderColor,
              IconManagerHighlight, BorderTileBackground,
              BorderTileForeground, TitleBackground, TitleForeground,
              IconBackground, IconForeground, IconBorderColor,
              IconManagerBackground, and IconManagerForeground.  For
              example:

                   Color
                   {
                        MenuBackground      "gray50"
                        MenuForeground      "blue"
                        BorderColor              "red" { "XTerm" "yellow" }
                        TitleForeground          "yellow"
                        TitleBackground          "blue"
                   }

              All of these color variables may also be specified for the
              Monochrome variable, allowing the same initialization file to
              be used on both color and monochrome displays.

      ConstrainedMoveTime milliseconds
              This variable specifies the length of time between button
              clicks needed to begin a constrained move operation.  Double
              clicking within this amount of time when invoking f.move will
              cause the window only be moved in a horizontal or vertical
              direction.  Setting this value to 0 will disable constrained
              moves.  The default is 400 milliseconds.





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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      Cursors { cursor-list }
              This variable specifies the glyphs that ctwm should use for
              various pointer cursors.  Each cursor may be defined either
              from the cursor font or from two bitmap files.  Shapes from
              the cursor font may be specified directly as:

                        cursorname     "string"

              where cursorname is one of the cursor names listed below, and
              string is the name of a glyph as found in the file
              /usr/include/X11/cursorfont.h (without the ``XC_'' prefix).
              If the cursor is to be defined from bitmap files, the
              following syntax is used instead:

                        cursorname     "image"   "mask"

              The image and mask strings specify the names of files
              containing the glyph image and mask in bitmap(1) form.  The
              bitmap files are located in the same manner as icon bitmap
              files.  The following example shows the default cursor
              definitions:

                   Cursors
                   {
                        Frame          "top_left_arrow"
                        Title          "top_left_arrow"
                        Icon      "top_left_arrow"
                        IconMgr   "top_left_arrow"
                        Move      "fleur"
                        Resize         "fleur"
                        Menu      "sb_left_arrow"
                        Button         "hand2"
                        Wait      "watch"
                        Select         "dot"
                        Destroy   "pirate"
                   }


      DarkShadowContrast contrast
                  Indicates to ctwm hos to calculate the dark shadow color
              for 3D items.  The value is a comprised between 0 and 100. The
              formula used is :

                       dark.{RGB}  = color.{RGB} * ((100 - contrast) / 100),

              Has no effect if BeNiceToColormap is active.


      DecorateTransients
              This variable indicates that transient windows (those
              containing a WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property) should have titlebars.



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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



              By default, transients are not reparented.


      DefaultBackground string
              This variable specifies the background color to be used for
              sizing and information windows.  The default is "white".


      DefaultForeground string
              This variable specifies the foreground color to be used for
              sizing and information windows.  The default is "black".


      DontIconifyByUnmapping { win-list }
              This variable specifies a list of windows that should not be
              iconified by simply unmapping the window (as would be the case
              if IconifyByUnmapping had been set).  This is frequently used
              to force some windows to be treated as icons while other
              windows are handled by the icon manager.


      DontMoveOff
              This variable indicates that windows should not be allowed to
              be moved off the screen.  It can be overridden by the
              f.forcemove function.


      DontPaintRootWindow
              This variable tells ctwm not to paint the root window,
              whatever you told in the Workspaces specification. This is
              useful to have pixmaps in the Workspace Map but not on the
              root window.


      DontSave { win-list }
              These windows won't have their characteristics saved for the
              session manager.


      DontSetInactive { win-list }
              These windows won't be set to InactiveState when they become
              invisible due to a change workspace. This has been added
              because some ill-behaved clients (Frame5) don't like this.


      DontSqueezeTitle [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that titlebars should not be squeezed
              to their minimum size as described under SqueezeTitle below.
              If the optional window list is supplied, only those windows
              will be prevented from being squeezed.




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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      DontWarpCursorInWMap
              Tells ctwm not to warp the cursor to the corresponding actual
              window when you click in a small window in the workspace map.


      ForceIcons
              This variable indicates that icon pixmaps specified in the
              Icons variable should override any client-supplied pixmaps.


      FramePadding pixels
              This variable specifies the distance between the titlebar
              decorations (the button and text) and the window frame.  The
              default is 2 pixels if UseThreeDTitles is not set, 0 if it is
              set.


      IconBackground string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the background color of icons, and may
              only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list.  The
              optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that
              per-window colors may be specified.  See the BorderColor
              variable for a complete description of the win-list.  The
              default is "white".


      IconBorderColor string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the color of the border used for icon
              windows, and may only be specified inside of a Color or
              Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window
              names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
              See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the
              win-list. The default is "black".

      IconBorderWidth pixels
              This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border
              surrounding icon windows.  The default is 2.


      IconDirectory string
              This variable specifies the directory that should be searched
              if if a bitmap file cannot be found in any of the directories
              in the bitmapFilePath resource.


      IconFont string
              This variable specifies the font to be used to display icon
              names within icons.  The default is "variable".






                                   - 14 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      IconForeground string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when
              displaying icons, and may only be specified inside of a Color
              or Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window
              names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
              See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the
              win-list.  The default is "black".


      IconifyByUnmapping [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that windows should be iconified by
              being unmapped without trying to map any icons.  This assumes
              that the user is will remap the window through the icon
              manager, the f.warpto function, or the TwmWindows menu.  If
              the optional win-list is provided, only those windows will be
              iconified by simply unmapping.  Windows that have both this
              and the IconManagerDontShow options set may not be accessible
              if no binding to the TwmWindows menu is set in the user's
              startup file.


      IconJustification string
              Where string is either "left", "center" or "right".  Tells
              ctwm how to justify the icon image against the icon title (if
              any).


      IconManagerBackground string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the background color to use for icon
              manager entries, and may only be specified inside of a Color
              or Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window
              names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
              See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the
              win-list.  The default is "white".


      IconManagerDontShow [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that the icon manager should not
              display any windows.  If the optional win-list is given, only
              those windows will not be displayed.  This variable is used to
              prevent windows that are rarely iconified (such as xclock or
              xload) from taking up space in the icon manager.


      IconManagerFont string
              This variable specifies the font to be used when displaying
              icon manager entries.  The default is "variable".


      IconManagerForeground string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when



                                   - 15 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



              displaying icon manager entries, and may only be specified
              inside of a Color or Monochrome list.  The optional win-list
              is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors
              may be specified.  See the BorderColor variable for a complete
              description of the win-list.  The default is "black".


      IconManagerGeometry string [ columns ]
              This variable specifies the geometry of the icon manager
              window.  The string argument is standard geometry
              specification that indicates the initial full size of the icon
              manager.  The icon manager window is then broken into columns
              pieces and scaled according to the number of entries in the
              icon manager.  Extra entries are wrapped to form additional
              rows.  The default number of columns is 1.


      IconManagerHighlight string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the border color to be used when
              highlighting the icon manager entry that currently has the
              focus, and can only be specified inside of a Color or
              Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window
              names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
              See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the
              win-list.  The default is "black".


      IconManagers { iconmgr-list }
              This variable specifies a list of icon managers to create.
              Each item in the iconmgr-list has the following format:

                        "winname" ["iconname"]   "geometry" columns

              where winname is the name of the windows that should be put
              into this icon manager, iconname is the name of that icon
              manager window's icon, geometry is a standard geometry
              specification, and columns is the number of columns in this
              icon manager as described in IconManagerGeometry.  For
              example:

                   IconManagers
                   {
                        "XTerm"   "=300x5+800+5" 5
                        "myhost"  "=400x5+100+5" 2
                   }

              Clients whose name or class is ``XTerm'' will have an entry
              created in the ``XTerm'' icon manager.  Clients whose name was
              ``myhost'' would be put into the ``myhost'' icon manager.





                                   - 16 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      IconManagerShadowDepth pixels
              This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm uses for
              3D IconManager entries, when UseThreeDIconManagers is
              selected.


      IconManagerShow { win-list }
              This variable specifies a list of windows that should appear
              in the icon manager.  When used in conjunction with the
              IconManagerDontShow variable, only the windows in this list
              will be shown in the icon manager.


      IconMenuDontShow { win-list }
              Don't show the name of these windows in the TwmIcons menu.


      IconRegion geomstring vgrav hgrav gridwidth gridheight [iconjust]
              [iconregjust] [iconregalign] [{ win-list }]

              This variable specifies an area on the root window in which
              icons are placed if no specific icon location is provided by
              the client.  The geomstring is a quoted string containing a
              standard geometry specification. If more than one IconRegion
              lines are given, icons will be put into the succeeding icon
              regions when the first is full. The vgrav argument should be
              either North or South and control and is used to control
              whether icons are first filled in from the top or bottom of
              the icon region.  Similarly, the hgrav argument should be
              either East or West and is used to control whether icons
              should be filled in from left from the right. Icons are laid
              out within the region in a grid with cells gridwidth pixels
              wide and gridheight pixels  high. The optional win-list
              argument tells ctwm that if such a window is iconified, and
              there is enough room in this icon region for its icon, then
              place it here. The optionnal iconjust, iconregjust and
              iconregalign can be used to give specific values of
              IconJustification, IconRegionJustification and
              IconRegionAlignement for this IconRegion.


      IconRegionAlignement string
              Where string is either "top", "center" "bottom" or "border".
              Tells ctwm how to align icons inside their place in the
              IconRegion.  This keyword needs a string value. The acceptable
              values are : "top", "center", "bottom" and "border". If
              "border" is given, the justification will be "top" if the icon
              region gravity is "north" and "bottom" if the icon region
              gravity is "south".





                                   - 17 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      IconRegionJustification string
              Where string is either "left", "center" "right" or "border".
              Tells ctwm how to justify icons inside their place in the
              IconRegion.  This keyword needs a string value. The acceptable
              values are : "left", "center", "right" and "border". If
              "border" is given, the justification will be "left" if the
              icon region gravity is "west" and "right" if the icon region
              gravity is "east".


      Icons { win-list }
              This variable specifies a list of window names and the bitmap
              filenames that should be used as their icons.  For example:

                   Icons
                   {
                        "XTerm"   "xterm.icon"
                        "xfd"          "xfd_icon"
                   }

              Windows that match ``XTerm'' and would not be iconified by
              unmapping, and would try to use  the icon bitmap in the file
              ``xterm.icon''.If ForceIcons is specified, this bitmap will be
              used even if the client has requested its own icon pixmap.


      IgnoreCaseInMenuSelection
              Used when moving the pointer inside a menu with the keyboard.
              When you type a letter, the pointer goes to the next entry
              beginning with this letter. If IgnoreCaseInMenuSelection is
              present, this selection ignores the case of this first letter.


      IgnoreLockModifier
              If present, all bindings (buttons and keys) will ignore the
              LockMask. Useful if you often use caps lock, and don't want to
              define twice all your bindings.


      IgnoreModifier
              All bindings (buttons and keys) will ignore the modifiers you
              specified. It is useful when you use caps locks or num locks.
              You don't need IgnoreLockModifier any more with this option.


                   IgnoreModifier { lock m2 }



      InterpolateMenuColors
              This variable indicates that menu entry colors should be



                                   - 18 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



              interpolated between entry specified colors.  In the example
              below:

                   Menu "mymenu"
                   {
                        "Title"        ("black":"red")          f.title
                        "entry1"                 f.nop
                        "entry2"                 f.nop
                        "entry3"  ("white":"green")   f.nop
                        "entry4"                 f.nop
                        "entry5"  ("red":"white")          f.nop
                   }

              the foreground colors for ``entry1'' and ``entry2'' will be
              interpolated between black and white, and the background
              colors between red and green.  Similarly, the foreground for
              ``entry4'' will be half-way between white and red, and the
              background will be half-way between green and white.

      MakeTitle { win-list }
              This variable specifies a list of windows on which a titlebar
              should be placed and is used to request titles on specific
              windows when NoTitle has been set.

      MapWindowBackground color [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the background colors to use for small
              windows in the workspace map window and may only be specified
              inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is
              a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors
              may be specified. If there is neither MapWindowBackground, nor
              MapWindowForeground the window title colors are used.

 }
      MapWindowCurrentWorkSpace { border_color [background] [foreground] [bitmap]
              Specify the appearence of the map window corresponding to the
              current workspace.

 }
      MapWindowDefaultWorkSpace { border_color [background] [foreground] [bitmap]
              Specify the appearence of the map window corresponding to the
              workspaces other than the current workspace when no root
              background information has been provided to ctwm in the
              WorkSpace command. Not used in others cases.

      MapWindowForeground color [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the foreground colors to use for small
              windows in the workspace map window and may only be specified
              inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is
              a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors
              may be specified. If there is neither MapWindowBackground, nor
              MapWindowForeground the window title colors are used.



                                   - 19 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      MaxIconTitleWidth width
              The integer argument tells ctwm the maximun width to use for
              an icon title. If an icon title is larger than width, it is
              truncated.

      MaxWindowSize string
              This variable specifies a geometry in which the width and
              height give the maximum size for a given window.  This is
              typically used to restrict windows to the size of the screen.
              The default is "30000x30000".

      MenuBackground string
              This variable specifies the background color used for menus,
              and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome
              list.  The default is "white".

      MenuFont string
              This variable specifies the font to use when displaying menus.
              The default is "variable".

      MenuForeground string
              This variable specifies the foreground color used for menus,
              and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome
              list.  The default is "black".

      MenuShadowColor string
              This variable specifies the color of the shadow behind pull-
              down menus and can only be specified inside of a Color or
              Monochrome list.  The default is "black".

      MenuShadowDepth pixels
              This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm uses for
              3D menus, when UseThreeDMenus is selected.

      MenuTitleBackground string
              This variable specifies the background color for f.title
              entries in menus, and can only be specified inside of a Color
              or Monochrome list.  The default is "white".

      MenuTitleForeground string
              This variable specifies the foreground color for f.title
              entries in menus and can only be specified inside of a Color
              or Monochrome list.  The default is "black".

      Monochrome { colors }
              This variable specifies a list of color assignments that
              should be made if the screen has a depth of 1.  See the
              description of Colors.

      MoveDelta pixels
              This variable specifies the number of pixels the pointer must



                                   - 20 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



              move before the f.move function starts working.  Also see the
              f.deltastop function.  The default is zero pixels.

      MovePackResistance pixels
              This variable specifies the number of pixels of the movepack
              and movepush resistance. See f.movepack and f.movepush.

      MoveOffResistance pixels
              This variable specifies the number of pixels of the moveoff
              resistance.  If pixels is positive, DontMoveOff will only
              prevent you from going off the edge if you're within n pixels
              off the edge. If you go further, DontMoveOff gives up and lets
              you go as far as you wish. f.forcemove still allows you to
              totally ignore DontMoveOff.  A negative value puts you back
              into "never moveoff" mode (it's the default).

      NoBackingStore
              This variable indicates that ctwm's menus should not request
              backing store to minimize repainting of menus.  This is
              typically used with servers that can repaint faster than they
              can handle backing store.

      NoBorder { win-list }
              These windows won't have border. If you want no borders on all
              windows, use the BorderWidth keyword.

      NoCaseSensitive
              This variable indicates that case should be ignored when
              sorting icon names in an icon manager.  This option is
              typically used with applications that capitalize the first
              letter of their icon name.

      NoDefaults
              This variable indicates that ctwm should not supply the
              default titlebuttons and bindings.  This option should only be
              used if the startup file contains a completely new set of
              bindings and definitions.

      NoGrabServer
              This variable indicates that ctwm should not grab the server
              when popping up menus and moving opaque windows.

      NoHighlight [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that borders should not be highlighted
              to track the location of the pointer.  If the optional win-
              list is given, highlighting will only be disabled for those
              windows.  When the border is highlighted, it will be drawn in
              the current BorderColor.  When the border is not highlighted,
              it will be stippled with an gray pattern using the current
              BorderTileForeground and BorderTileBackground colors.




                                   - 21 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      NoIconTitle [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that icons should not display the icon
              name of the client.  If the optional win-list is given, only
              those clients will not have icon titles.

      NoIconManagerFocus
              This variable indicates that ctwm will not set the focus on
              the corresponding window when the pointer is in an
              IconManager.

      NoIconManagers
              This variable indicates that no icon manager should be
              created.

      NoMenuShadows
              This variable indicates that menus should not have drop
              shadows drawn behind them.  This is typically used with slower
              servers since it speeds up menu drawing at the expense of
              making the menu slightly harder to read.

      NoOpaqueMove { window-list }
              The counterpart of OpaqueMove. See OpaqueMove.

      NoOpaqueResize { window-list }
              The counterpart of OpaqueResize. See OpaqueResize.

      NoRaiseOnDeiconify
              This variable indicates that windows that are deiconified
              should not be raised.

      NoRaiseOnMove
              This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when
              moved.  This is typically used to allow windows to slide
              underneath each other.

      NoRaiseOnResize
              This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when
              resized.  This is typically used to allow windows to be
              resized underneath each other.

      NoRaiseOnWarp
              This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when
              the pointer is warped into them with the f.warpto function.
              If this option is set, warping to an occluded window may
              result in the pointer ending up in the occluding window
              instead the desired window (which causes unexpected behavior
              with f.warpring).

      NoSaveUnders
              This variable indicates that menus should not request save-
              unders to minimize window repainting following menu selection.



                                   - 22 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



              It is typically used with displays that can repaint faster
              than they can handle save-unders.

      NoShowOccupyAll
              This variable specifies that OccupyAll windows won't be
              displayed in the WorkSpaceMap window.

      NoStackMode [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that client window requests to change
              stacking order should be ignored.  If the optional win-list is
              given, only requests on those windows will be ignored.  This
              is typically used to prevent applications from relentlessly
              popping themselves to the front of the window stack.

      NoTitle [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that windows should not have
              titlebars.  If the optional win-list is given, only those
              windows will not have titlebars.  MakeTitle may be used with
              this option to force titlebars to be put on specific windows.

      NoTitleFocus
              This variable indicates that ctwm should not set keyboard
              input focus to each window as it is entered.  Normally, ctwm
              sets the focus so that focus and key events from the titlebar
              and icon managers are delivered to the application.  If the
              pointer is moved quickly and ctwm is slow to respond, input
              can be directed to the old window instead of the new.  This
              option is typically used to prevent this ``input lag'' and to
              work around bugs in older applications that have problems with
              focus events.

      NoTitleHighlight [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that the highlight area of the
              titlebar, which is used to indicate the window that currently
              has the input focus, should not be displayed.  If the optional
              win-list is given, only those windows will not have highlight
              areas.  This and the SqueezeTitle options can be set to
              substantially reduce the amount of screen space required by
              titlebars.

      Occupy { occupy-list }
              This variable specifies which windows occupy which workspaces
              at startup.

              occupy-list consists of entries of the form :

                           [Window]   win-name { wpsc1 wspc2 ... }
                   or      Workspace  wspc-name {win1 win2 ... }






                                   - 23 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



              Example :

                   Occupy {
                                  "xload"   {"all"}
                       Window     "xterm"   {"here" "there" "elsewhere"}
                                  "xv"      {"images"}
                       WorkSpace  "images"  {"xloadimage"}
                   }

              Note : The Occupy declaration should come after the WorkSpaces
              declaration.


      OccupyAll { window-list }

              This variable specifies a list of windows that will occupy all
              workspaces at startup.

              window-list is a list of window names.

              Example :

                   OccupyAll
                   {
                       "xload"
                       "xbiff"
                       "xconsole"
                   }

              Note : The OccupyAll declaration should come after the
              WorkSpaces declaration.


      OpaqueMove { window-list }
              This variable indicates that the f.move function should
              actually move the window instead of just an outline so that
              the user can immediately see what the window will look like in
              the new position.  This option is typically used on fast
              displays (particularly if NoGrabServer is set). The optional
              window list parameter indicates that only windows in this list
              should actually be moved in opaque mode. The NoOpaqueMove
              counterpart is also available.


      OpaqueMoveThreshold { threshold }
              The integer parameter is a percentage and indicates that only
              windows (elligible for opaque moving) with a surface smaller
              than this percentage of the surface of the screen should
              actually be moved in opaque mode.





                                   - 24 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      OpaqueResize { window-list }
              The opaque version of resize. Extremely resource intensive,
              but beautiful with fast server/client/network. See OpaqueMove.
              The NoOpaqueResize counterpart is also available.


      OpaqueResizeThreshold { threshold }
              The resize version of OpaqueMoveThreshold.


      OpenWindowTimeout seconds
              seconds is an integer representing a number of second. When a
              window tries to open on an unattended display, it will be
              automatically mapped after this number of seconds.


      PackNewWindows
              Use f.movepack algorithm instead of f.move when opening a new
              window.


      Pixmaps { pixmaps }
              This variable specifies a list of pixmaps that define the
              appearance of various images.  Each entry is a keyword
              indicating the pixmap to set, followed by a string giving the
              name of the bitmap file.  The following pixmaps may be
              specified:

                   Pixmaps
                   {
                        TitleHighlight "gray1"
                   #    TitleHighlight "supman%.xbm"
                   }

              The default for TitleHighlight is to use an even stipple
              pattern.


      PixmapDirectory path
              This variable specifies the path where ctwm looks to find
              non-X11 bitmap files.  Whenever you want to use a image file
              that is not an X11 bitmap, specify : xpm:filename (for xpm
              files) or xwd:filename for xwd files, or im:filename (for
              other files supported by the imconv package), or |command for
              an on the file generated xwd file. Use the % character to
              specify an animation. path can be a colon separated list of








                                   - 25 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



              directories.  Example :

                   PixmapDirectory  "/usr/lib/X11/twm"
                   Icons
                   {
                       "Axe"    "xpm:edit.xpm"
                       "xterm"  "xpm:ball%.xpm"
                   }

              N.B This is only valid if your version of ctwm has been
              compiled with the XPM and IMCONV options.


      RaiseDelay milliseconds
              For windows that are to be automatically raised when the
              pointer enters (see the AutoRaise variable and the f.autoraise
              function) this variable specifies the length of time the
              pointer should rest in the window before it is raised.  The
              default is 0 milliseconds.


      RaiseOnClick
              If present a window will be raised on top of others when
              clicked on, and the ButtonPress event will be correctly
              forwarded to the client that owns this window (if it asked
              to). See RaiseOnClickButton.


      RaiseOnClickButton button_number
              Where button_number is a valid button number (generally 1 to
              3). Specify the button to use for RaiseOnClick.


      RaiseWhenAutoUnSqueeze
              Windows are raised when auto-unsqueezed (See AutoSqueeze).


      RandomPlacement [ string ]
              Where string is either "on", "off", "all" or "unmapped".  This
              variable indicates that windows with no specified geometry
              should be placed in a pseudo-random location instead of having
              the user drag out an outline. The argument "on" or "all" tells
              ctwm do do this for all such windows, "off", not to do this,
              and "unmapped", only for unmapped windows, e.g.  iconified or
              not visible in the current workspace.


      ReallyMoveInWorkspaceManager
              This keyword tells ctwm to move the actual window when the
              user is moving the small windows in the WorkSpaceMap window.
              If not present the WorkSpaceMap can be used only to modify the



                                   - 26 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



              occupation of a window.


      ResizeFont string
              This variable specifies the font to be used for in the
              dimensions window when resizing windows.  The default is
              "fixed".


      RestartPreviousState
              This variable indicates that ctwm should attempt to use the
              WM_STATE property on client windows to tell which windows
              should be iconified and which should be left visible.  This is
              typically used to try to regenerate the state that the screen
              was in before the previous window manager was shutdown.


      ReverseCurrentWorkspace string
              This variable specifies tells ctwm to reverse the background
              and foreground colors in the small windows in the workspace
              map for the current workspace.


      SaveColor { colors-list }
              This variable indicates a list of color assignments to be
              stored as pixel values in the root window property
              _MIT_PRIORITY_COLORS.  Clients may elect to preserve these
              values when installing their own colormap.  Note that use of
              this mechanism is a way an for application to avoid the
              "technicolor" problem, whereby useful screen objects such as
              window borders and titlebars disappear when a programs custom
              colors are installed by the window manager.  For example:

                   SaveColor
                   {
                           BorderColor
                           TitleBackground
                           TitleForeground
                           "red"
                           "green"
                           "blue"
                   }

              This would place on the root window 3 pixel values for borders
              and titlebars, as well as the three color strings, all taken
              from the default colormap.


      SchrinkIconTitles
              A la Motif schrinking of icon titles, and expansion when mouse
              is inside icon.



                                   - 27 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      ShortAllWindowsMenus
              Don't show WorkSpaceManager and IconManagers in the TwmWindows
              and TwmAllWindows menus.


      ShowIconManager
              This variable indicates that the icon manager window should be
              displayed when ctwm is started.  It can always be brought up
              using the f.showiconmgr function.


      ShowWorkSpaceManager
              This variable specifies that the WorkSpaceManager should be
              visible.


      SloppyFocus
              Use sloppy focus.


      SortIconManager
              This variable indicates that entries in the icon manager
              should be sorted alphabetically rather than by simply
              appending new windows to the end.


      SqueezeTitle [{ squeeze-list }]
              This variable indicates that ctwm should attempt to use the
              SHAPE extension to make titlebars occupy only as much screen
              space as they need, rather than extending all the way across
              the top of the window.  The optional squeeze-list may be used
              to control the location of the squeezed titlebar along the top
              of the window.  It contains entries of the form:

                        "name"         justification  num  denom

              where name is a window name, justification is either left,
              center, or right, and num and denom are numbers specifying a
              ratio giving the relative position about which the titlebar is
              justified.  The ratio is measured from left to right if the
              numerator is positive, and right to left if negative.  A
              denominator of 0 indicates that the numerator should be
              measured in pixels.  For convenience, the ratio 0/0 is the
              same as 1/2 for center and -1/1 for right.  For example:

                   SqueezeTitle
                   {
                        "XTerm"   left      0    0
                        "xterm1"  left      1    3
                        "xterm2"  left      2    3
                        "oclock"  center         0    0



                                   - 28 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



                        "emacs"   right          0    0
                   }

              The DontSqueezeTitle list can be used to turn off squeezing on
              certain titles.


      StartIconified [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that client windows should initially
              be left as icons until explicitly deiconified by the user.  If
              the optional win-list is given, only those windows will be
              started iconic.  This is useful for programs that do not
              support an -iconic command line option or resource.


      StartInMapState
              This variable specifies that the WorkSpaceManager should be
              started in its map form when created.


      StartSqueezed
              These windows will first show up squeezed (see f.squeeze).


      StayUpMenus
              Tells ctwm to use stayup menus. These menus will stay on the
              screen when ButtonUp, if either the menu has not yet been
              entered by the pointer, or the current item is a f.title.


      SunkFocusWindowTitle
              This variable specifies that the title of the focus window (if
              exists) should be sunken instead of raised. Only valid if
              UseThreeDTitles is set.


      ThreeDBorderWidth  pixels
              The width of the 3D border in pixels, if any.


      TitleBackground string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the background color used in
              titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a Color or
              Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window
              names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
              The default is "white".


      TitleButtonBorderWidth pixels
              This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border
              surrounding titlebuttons.  This is typically set to 0 to allow



                                   - 29 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



              titlebuttons to take up as much space as possible and to not
              have a border.  The default is 1 if UseThreeDTitles is not
              set, 0 if it is set.


      TitleButtonShadowDepth pixels
              This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm uses for
              3D title buttons, when UseThreeDTitles is selected.


      TitleFont string
              This variable specifies the font to used for displaying window
              names in titlebars.  The default is "variable".


      TitleForeground string [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies the foreground color used in
              titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a Color or
              Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window
              names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
              The default is "black".


      TitleJustification string
              This keyword needs a string value. The acceptable values are :
              "left", "center" and "right". The window titles will be
              justified according to this in the title window.


      TitlePadding pixels
              This variable specifies the distance between the various
              buttons, text, and highlight areas in the titlebar.  The
              default is 8 pixels if UseThreeDTitles is not set, 0 if it is
              set.


      TitleShadowDepth pixels
              This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm uses for
              3D titles, when UseThreeDTitles is selected.


      TransientHasOccupation
              This variable specifies that transient-for and non-group
              leader windows can have their own occupation potentially
              different from their leader window. The default case is that
              these windows follow their leader, use this keyword if the
              default action doesn't please you.


      TransientOnTop percentage
              The parameter (required) is a percentage and tells ctwm to put



                                   - 30 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



              transient (and non-group leader) windows always on top of
              their leader if and only if their surface is smaller than this
              fraction of the surface of their leader. The surface of a
              window is its width times its weight.


      UnknownIcon string
              This variable specifies the filename of a bitmap file to be
              used as the default icon.  This bitmap will be used as the
              icon of all clients which do not provide an icon bitmap and
              are not listed in the Icons list.


      UnmapByMovingFarAway [{ win-list }]
              These windows will be moved out of the screen instead of
              beeing unmapped when they become invisible due to a change
              workspace. This has been added because some ill-behaved
              clients (Frame5) don't like to be unmapped.


      UsePPosition string
              This variable specifies whether or not ctwm should honor
              program-requested locations (given by the PPosition flag in
              the WM_NORMAL_HINTS property) in the absence of a user-
              specified position.  The argument string may have one of three
              values:  "off" (the default) indicating that ctwm should
              ignore the program-supplied position, "on" indicating that the
              position should be used, and "non-zero" indicating that the
              position should used if it is other than (0,0).  The latter
              option is for working around a bug in older toolkits.


      UseSunkTitlePixmap
              This makes it so the shadows are inversed for title pixmaps
              when focus is lost.  This is similar to having the
              SunkFocusWindowTitle, but it makes your xbm or 3d XPM (if any)
              sink instead of just the whole bar.


      UseThreeDBorders
              Tells ctwm to use 3D-looking window borders. The width ot the
              3D borders is ThreeDBorderWidth. The color of the 3D border is
              BorderTileBackground, and if NoHighlight is not selected, the
              border of the Focus window is BorderColor.


      UseThreeDIconManagers
              Tells ctwm to use 3D-looking IconManagers if any.






                                   - 31 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      UseThreeDMenus
              Tells ctwm to use 3D-looking menus.


      UseThreeDTitles
              Tells ctwm to use 3D-looking windows titles. In which case the
              default values of TitleButtonBorderWidth, FramePadding,
              TitlePadding and ButtonIndent are set to 0.  There are plenty
              of built-in scalable pixmaps for buttons, :xpm:menu, :xpm:dot,
              :xpm:resize, :xpm:bar, :xpm:vbar, :xpm:iconify, :xpm:resize
              and :xpm:box. There is several built-in scalable animation for
              buttons : %xpm:resize, %xpm:menu-up, %xpm:menu-down,
              %xpm:resize-out-top, %xpm:resize-in-top, %xpm:resize-out-bot,
              %xpm:resize-in-bot, %xpm:maze-out, %xpm:maze-in, %xpm:zoom-
              out, %xpm:zoom-in and %xpm:zoom-inout. Try them to see what
              they look like.


      UseThreeDWMap
              Tells ctwm to use 3D for the small windows in the workspace
              map.


      WarpCursor [{ win-list }]
              This variable indicates that the pointer should be warped into
              windows when they are deiconified.  If the optional win-list
              is given, the pointer will only be warped when those windows
              are deiconified.


      WindowBox [{ win-list }]
              creates a new window called a box, where all the client
              windows that match the windows list are opened in, instead of
              the roor window. This is useful to group small windows in the
              same box (xload for instance)

                   WindowBox "xloadbox" "320x100+0-0" {
                       "xload"
                   }



      WindowGeometries [{ win-list }]
              Used to give a default geometry to some clients :

                   WindowGeometries {
                       "Mozilla*"       "1000x800+10+10"
                       "jpilot*"        "800x600-0-0"
                   }





                                   - 32 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      WindowRing [{ win-list }]
              This variable specifies a list of windows along which the
              f.warpring function cycles. If no argument is given, all the
              windows are in the ring.


      WarpRingOnScreen
              Tells ctwm that f.warpring warps pointer only to windows
              visible in the current workspace.


      WarpToDefaultMenuEntry
              (Useful only with StayUpMenus) When using StayUpMenus, and a
              menu does stays up, the pointer is warped to the default entry
              of the menu.


      WarpUnmapped
              This variable indicates that that the f.warpto function should
              deiconify any iconified windows it encounters.  This is
              typically used to make a key binding that will pop a
              particular window (such as xmh), no matter where it is.  The
              default is for f.warpto to ignore iconified windows.


      WindowRingExclude [{ win-list }]
              All listed windows will be excluded from the WarpRing.


      WMgrButtonShadowDepth depth
              Control the depth of the shadow of the workspace manager
              buttons.


      WMgrHorizButtonIndent nb_pixels
              Specifies the horizontal space, in pixel, between the buttons
              of the workspace manager (in button mode).


      WMgrVertButtonIndent nb_pixels
              Specifies the vertical space, in pixel, between the buttons of
              the workspace manager (in button mode).


      WorkSpaceFont string
              This allows you to specify the font to use for the small
              windows in the workspace manager map. (Try "-adobe-times-*-r-
              *--10-*-*-*-*-*-*-*").






                                   - 33 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      WorkSpaceManagerGeometry string [ columns ]
              This variable specifies the geometry of the workspace manager
              window. The string argument is standard geometry specification
              that indicates the initial full size of the workspace manager.
              The columns argument indicates the number of columns to use
              for the workspace manager window.

                   WorkSpaceManagerGeometry        "360x60+60-0" 8


      WorkSpaces { workspace-list }
              This variable specifies a list of workspaces that are created
              at startup, Where workspace-list is :

                   name [{bg-button [fg-button] [bg-root] [fg-root] [pixmap-root]}]


              With :

              bg-button:
                      background color of the corresponding button in the
                      workspace manager.

              fg-button:
                      foreground color of the corresponding button in the
                      workspace manager.

              bg-root:
                      background color of the corresponding root screen.

              fg-root:
                      foreground color of the corresponding root screen.

              pixmap-root:
                      pixmap to display on the corresponding root screen,
                      either the name of a bitmap, xpm:xpmfile, xwd:xwdfile,
                      im:imfile or |command_that generate_xwd.

              Example :

                   WorkSpaces
                   {
                     "One"   {"#686B9F" "white" "DeepSkyBlue3" "white" "xlogo16"}
                     "Two"   {"#619AAE" "white" "firebrick"}
                     "Three" {"#727786" "white" "MidnightBlue" "white" "xpm:ball%.xpm"}
                     "Four"  {"#727786" "white" "white" "white" "|(giftoppm | pnmtoxwd) < 2010.gif"}

                     "Five"  {"#727786" "white" "DeepSkyBlue3" "white" "plaid"}
                     "Six"   {"#619AAE" "white" "DeepSkyBlue3" "white" "xpm:background1"}
                     "Seven" {"#8C5b7A" "white" "chartreuse4"}
                     "Eight" {"#686B9F" "white" "MidnightBlue"}



                                   - 34 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



                   }


              The WorkSpaces declaration should come before the Occupy or
              OccupyAll declarations. The maximum number of workspaces is
              32.


      XMoveGrid number
              This variable specifies the value to use to constrain window
              movement.  When moving windows around, the x coordinate will
              always be a multiple of this variable. Default id 1.
              f.forcemove ignores this variable.


      YMoveGrid number
              Same with y coordinate.


      XorValue number
              This variable specifies the value to use when drawing window
              outlines for moving and resizing.  This should be set to a
              value that will result in a variety of distinguishable colors
              when exclusive-or'ed with the contents of the user's typical
              screen.  Setting this variable to 1 often gives nice results
              if adjacent colors in the default colormap are distinct.  By
              default, ctwm will attempt to cause temporary lines to appear
              at the opposite end of the colormap from the graphics.


      YMoveGrid number
              This variable specifies the value to use to constrain window
              movement.  When moving windows around, the y coordinate will
              always be a multiple of this variable. Default id 1.
              f.forcemove ignores this variable.


      Zoom [ count ]
              This variable indicates that outlines suggesting movement of a
              window to and from its iconified state should be displayed
              whenever a window is iconified or deiconified.  The optional
              count argument specifies the number of outlines to be drawn.
              The default count is 8.

      The following variables must be set after the fonts have been
      assigned, so it is usually best to put them at the end of the
      variables or beginning of the bindings sections:


      ChangeWorkspaceFunction function
              This variable specifies the function to be executed when the



                                   - 35 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



              user change the current workspace (zap).


      DefaultFunction function
              This variable specifies the function to be executed when a key
              or button event is received for which no binding is provided.
              This is typically bound to f.nop, f.beep, or a menu containing
              window operations.


      DeIconifyFunction function
              This variable specifies the function to be executed when a
              window is deiconified.


      IconifyFunction function
              This variable specifies the function to be executed when a
              window is iconified.


      WindowFunction function
              This variable specifies the function to execute when a window
              is selected from the TwmWindows menu.  If this variable is not
              set, the window will be deiconified and raised.

 BINDINGS
      After the desired variables have been set, functions may be attached
      titlebuttons and key and pointer buttons.  Titlebuttons may be added
      from the left or right side and appear in the titlebar from left-to-
      right according to the order in which they are specified.  Key and
      pointer button bindings may be given in any order.

      Titlebuttons specifications must include the name of the pixmap to use
      in the button box and the function to be invoked when a pointer button
      is pressed within them:

           LeftTitleButton "bitmapname"  = function

      or

           LeftTitleButton "bitmapname" {
               Buttoni : function
               ...
               Buttonj : function
           }









                                   - 36 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      or

           RightTitleButton "bitmapname" = function

      or

           RightTitleButton "bitmapname" {
               Buttoni : function
               ...
               Buttonj : function
           }

      The bitmapname may refer to one of the  built-in bitmaps (which are
      scaled to match TitleFont) by using the appropriate colon-prefixed
      name described above.

      Key and pointer button specifications must give the modifiers that
      must be pressed, over which parts of the screen the pointer must be,
      and what function is to be invoked.  Keys are given as strings
      containing the appropriate keysym name; buttons are given as the
      keywords Button1-Button5:

           "FP1"          = modlist : context : function
           Button1   = modlist : context : function

      The modlist is any combination of the modifier names shift, control,
      lock, meta, mod1, mod2, mod3, mod4, or mod5 (which may be abbreviated
      as s, c, l, m, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, respectively) separated by a
      vertical bar (|).  Similarly, the context is any combination of
      window, title, icon, root, frame, iconmgr, their first letters
      (iconmgr abbreviation is m), or all, separated by a vertical bar.  The
      function is any of the f. keywords described below.  For example, the
      default startup file contains the following bindings:

           Button1   =    : root         : f.menu "TwmWindows"
           Button1   = m  : window | icon     : f.function "move-or-lower"
           Button2   = m  : window | icon     : f.iconify
           Button3   = m  : window | icon     : f.function "move-or-raise"
           Button1   =    : title        : f.function "move-or-raise"
           Button2   =    : title        : f.raiselower
           Button1   =    : icon         : f.function "move-or-iconify"
           Button2   =    : icon         : f.iconify
           Button1   =    : iconmgr : f.iconify
           Button2   =    : iconmgr : f.iconify

      A user who wanted to be able to manipulate windows from the keyboard








                                   - 37 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      could use the following bindings:

           "F1"      =    : all          : f.iconify
           "F2"      =    : all          : f.raiselower
           "F3"      =    : all          : f.warpring "next"
           "F4"      =    : all          : f.warpto "xmh"
           "F5"      =    : all          : f.warpto "emacs"
           "F6"      =    : all          : f.colormap "next"
           "F7"      =    : all          : f.colormap "default"
           "F20"          =    : all          : f.warptoscreen "next"
           "Left"         = m  : all          : f.backiconmgr
           "Right"   = m | s   : all          : f.forwiconmgr
           "Up"      = m  : all          : f.upiconmgr
           "Down"    = m | s   : all          : f.downiconmgr

      Ctwm provides many more window manipulation primitives than can be
      conveniently stored in a titlebar, menu, or set of key bindings.
      Although a small set of defaults are supplied (unless the NoDefaults
      is specified), most users will want to have their most common
      operations bound to key and button strokes.  To do this, ctwm
      associates names with each of the primitives and provides user-defined
      functions for building higher level primitives and menus for
      interactively selecting among groups of functions.

      User-defined functions contain the name by which they are referenced
      in calls to f.function and a list of other functions to execute.  For
      example:

           Function "move-or-lower" { f.move f.deltastop f.lower }
           Function "move-or-raise" { f.move f.deltastop f.raise }
           Function "move-or-iconify"    { f.move f.deltastop f.iconify }
           Function "restore-colormap"   { f.colormap "default" f.lower }

      The function name must be used in f.function exactly as it appears in
      the function specification.

      In the descriptions below, if the function is said to operate on the
      selected window, but is invoked from a root menu, the cursor will be
      changed to the Select cursor and the next window to receive a button
      press will be chosen:

      ! string
              This is an abbreviation for f.exec string.

      f.addtoworkspace string
              This function adds the selected window to the workspace whose
              name is string.

      f.adoptwindow
              This function ask for the user to select a window with the
              mouse, and then adopt this window is it doesn't belong to the



                                   - 38 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



              current ctwm. Useful only with the -w flag.

      f.altcontext
              Set the alternate context. The next key or button event ctwm
              reveives will be interpreted using the alternate context. To
              define bindings in the alternate context, use the keyword
              alter in the context field of the binding command.  For
              example:

                   "Return"= m    : all          : f.altcontext
                   "n"  =    : alter        : f.nextworkspace
                   "p"  =    : alter        : f.prevworkspace



      f.altkeymap number
              Set the alternate keymap number, where number is an integer
              between 1 and 5 included. The next key or button event ctwm
              reveives will be interpreted using this alternate keymap. To
              define bindings in an alternate keymap, use the keyword a
              followed by number in the modifier field of the binding
              command. For example:

                   "Return"= c    : all          : f.altkeymap "1"
                   "i"  = a1 : window|icon|iconmgr    : f.iconify
                   "z"  = a1 : window  : f.zoom
                   "d"  = a1 : window|icon  : f.delete
                   "o"  = a1 : window|icon  : f.occupy
                   "r"  = a1 : window|icon  : f.refresh


      When using an alternate keymaps, only the root, window, icon and
      iconmgr contexts are allowed.


      f.autolower
              This function toggles whether or not the selected window is
              lowered whenever the pointer leaves it.  See the description
              of the variable AutoLower.


      f.autoraise
              This function toggles whether or not the selected window is
              raised whenever entered by the pointer.  See the description
              of the variable AutoRaise.


      f.backmapiconmgr
              This function warps the  pointer in the same manner as
              f.backiconmgr but only stops at windows that are mapped.




                                   - 39 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      f.backiconmgr
              This function warps the pointer to the previous column in the
              current icon manager, wrapping back to the previous row if
              necessary.


      f.beep  This function sounds the keyboard bell.


      f.bottomzoom
              This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function, but
              resizes the window to fill only the bottom half of the screen.


      f.circledown
              This function lowers the top-most window that occludes another
              window.


      f.circleup
              This function raises the bottom-most window that is occluded
              by another window.


      f.colormap string
              This function rotates the colormaps (obtained from the
              WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property on the window) that ctwm will
              display when the pointer is in this window.  The argument
              string may have one of the following values: "next", "prev",
              and "default".  It should be noted here that in general, the
              installed colormap is determined by keyboard focus.  A pointer
              driven keyboard focus will install a private colormap upon
              entry of the window owning the colormap.  Using the click to
              type model, private colormaps will not be installed until the
              user presses a mouse button on the target window.

      f.deiconify
              This function deiconifies the selected window.  If the window
              is not an icon, this function does nothing.


      f.delete
              This function sends the WM_DELETE_WINDOW message to the
              selected window if the client application has requested it
              through the WM_PROTOCOLS window property.  The application is
              supposed to respond to the message by removing the indicated
              window.  If the window has not requested WM_DELETE_WINDOW
              messages, the keyboard bell will be rung indicating that the
              user should choose an alternative method.  Note this is very
              different from f.destroy.  The intent here is to delete a
              single window,  not necessarily the entire application.



                                   - 40 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      f.deleteordestroy
              First tries to delete the window (send it WM_DELETE_WINDOW
              message), or kills it, if the client doesn't accept such
              message.


      f.deltastop
              This function allows a user-defined function to be aborted if
              the pointer has been moved more than MoveDelta pixels.  See
              the example definition given for Function "move-or-raise" at
              the beginning of the section.


      f.destroy
              This function instructs the X server to close the display
              connection of the client that created the selected window.
              This should only be used as a last resort for shutting down
              runaway clients.  See also f.delete.


      f.downiconmgr
              This function warps the pointer to the next row in the current
              icon manger, wrapping to the beginning of the next column if
              necessary.


      f.downworkspace
              Goto the workspace immediately underneath the current
              workspace in the workspace manager. If the current workspace
              is the bottom one, goto the top one in the same column. The
              result depends on the layout of the workspace manager.


      f.exec string
              This function passes the argument string to /bin/sh for
              execution.  In multiscreen mode, if string starts a new X
              client without giving a display argument, the client will
              appear on the screen from which this function was invoked. If
              the string "$currentworkspace" is present inside the string
              argument, it will be substituated with the current workspace
              name.



      f.fill string
              Where string is either : "right", "left", "top" or "bottom".
              The current window is resized in the specified direction until
              it reaches an obstacle (either another window, or the screen
              border).





                                   - 41 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      f.fittocontent
              Can be used only with window boxes. The result is to have the
              box have the minimal size that contains all its children
              windows.


      f.focus This function toggles the keyboard focus of the server to the
              selected window, changing the focus rule from pointer-driven
              if necessary.  If the selected window already was focused,
              this function executes an f.unfocus.


      f.forcemove
              This function is like f.move except that it ignores the
              DontMoveOff variable.


      f.forwiconmgr
              This function warps the pointer to the next column in the
              current icon manager, wrapping to the beginning of the next
              row if necessary.


      f.forwmapiconmgr
              This function warps the  pointer in the same manner as
              f.forwiconmgr but only stops at windows that are mapped.


      f.fullzoom
              This function resizes the selected window to the full size of
              the display or else restores the original size if the window
              was already zoomed.


      f.function string
              This function executes the user-defined function whose name is
              specified by the argument string.


      f.gotoworkspace workspace_name
              This function warps you to the workspace whose name is
              workspace_name.


      f.hbzoom
              This function is a synonym for f.bottomzoom.


      f.hideiconmgr
              This function unmaps the current icon manager.




                                   - 42 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      f.hideworkspacemgr
              Unmap the WorkSpace manager.


      f.horizoom
              This variable is similar to the f.zoom function except that
              the selected window is resized to the full width of the
              display.


      f.htzoom
              This function is a synonym for f.topzoom.


      f.hypermove
              Use this function to "move" a window between 2 captives ctwm
              (or between a captive and the root ctwm). Of course 2 Ctwm's
              are completely different universes. You have to go in
              hyperspace to achieve this, hence the name.


      f.hzoom This function is a synonym for f.horizoom.


      f.iconify
              This function iconifies or deiconifies the selected window or
              icon, respectively.


      f.identify
              This function displays a summary of the name and geometry of
              the selected window.  Clicking the pointer or pressing a key
              in the window will dismiss it.


      f.initsize
              This function resets a window to its initial size given by the
              WM_NORMAL_HINTS hints.


      f.jumpdown step
              This function is designed to be bound to a key, it moves the
              current window (step * {X,Y}MoveGrid) pixels downward.
              stopping if the window encounters another window or the screen
              border (ala f.pack).


      f.jumpleft step
              Leftward equivalent of f.jumpdown.





                                   - 43 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      f.jumpright step
              Rightward equivalent of f.jumpdown.


      f.jumpup step
              Upward equivalent of f.jumpdown.


      f.lefticonmgr
              This function similar to f.backiconmgr except that wrapping
              does not change rows.


      f.leftworkspace
              Goto the workspace immediately on the left of the current
              workspace in the workspace manager. If the current workspace
              is the leftest one, goto the rightest one in the same row. The
              result depends on the layout of the workspace manager.


      f.leftzoom
              This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function but
              causes the selected window is only resized to the left half of
              the display.


      f.lower This function lowers the selected window.


      f.menu string
              This function invokes the menu specified by the argument
              string.  Cascaded menus may be built by nesting calls to
              f.menu. When a menu is popped up, you can use the arrow keys
              to move the cursor around it. "Down" or space goes down, "Up"
              goes up, "Left" pops down the menu, and "Right" activates the
              current entry. The first letter of an entry name activates
              this entry (the first one if several entries match). If the
              first letter is ~ then Meta-the-second-letter activates it, if
              this first letter is ^ then Control-the-second-letter
              activates it, and if this first letter is space, then the
              second letter activates it.


      f.move  This function drags an outline of the selected window (or the
              window itself if the OpaqueMove variable is set) until the
              invoking pointer button is released.  Double clicking within
              the number of milliseconds given by ConstrainedMoveTime warps
              the pointer to the center of the window and constrains the
              move to be either horizontal or vertical depending on which
              grid line is crossed.  To abort a move, press another button
              before releasing the first button.



                                   - 44 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024






 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      f.movepack
              This function is like f.move except that it tries to avoid
              overlapping of windows. When the moving window begin to
              overlap with another window, the move is stopped. If you go
              too far over the other window (more that MovePackResistance
              pixels), the move is resumed and the moving window can overlap
              with the other window. Useful to pack windows closely.


      f.movepush
              This function is like f.move except that it tries to avoid
              overlapping of windows. When the moving window begin to
              overlap with another window, the other window is pushed. If
              you go too far over the other window (more that
              MovePackResistance pixels), there is no push and the moving
              window can overlap with the other window. Only available if
              OpaqueMove is active.


      f.moveresize geometry
              Takes one string argument which is a geometry with the
              standard X geometry syntax (e.g. 200x300+150-0). Sets the
              current window to the specified geometry. The width and height
              are to be given in pixel, no base size or resize increment are
              used.


      f.nexticonmgr
              This function warps the pointer to the next icon manager
              containing any windows on the current or any succeeding
              screen.


      f.nextworkspace
              Goto the next workspace in the list, using the order given in
              the .ctwmrc file.


      f.nop   This function does nothing and is typically used with the
              DefaultFunction or WindowFunction variables or to introduce
              blank lines in menus.


      f.occupy
              This function pops up a window for the user to choose which
              workspaces a window belongs to.


      f.occupyall
              This function makes the specified window occupy all the
              workspaces.



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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      f.pack string
              Where string is either : "right", "left", "top" or "bottom"
              The current window is moved in the specified direction until
              it reaches an obstacle (either another window, or the screen
              border). The pointer follows the window. Example :


      f.previconmgr
              This function warps the pointer to the previous icon manager
              containing any windows on the current or preceding screens.


      f.prevworkspace
              Goto the previous workspace in the list, using the order given
              in the .ctwmrc file.


      f.pin   Valid only in a root menu. Make a menu permanent on the
              screen. This is a toggle function, if you select it while the
              menu is already permanent, it becomes non-permanent.


      f.quit  This function causes ctwm to restore the window's borders and
              exit.  If ctwm is the first client invoked from xdm, this will
              result in a server reset.


      f.raiseicons
              This function raises all the icons in the current workspace.


      f.raise This function raises the selected window.


      f.raiselower
              This function raises the selected window to the top of the
              stacking order if it is occluded by any windows, otherwise the
              window will be lowered.


      f.removefromworkspace string
              This function removes the selected window from the workspace
              whose name is string.


      f.refresh
              This function causes all windows to be refreshed.


      f.resize
              This function displays an outline of the selected window.



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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



              Crossing a border (or setting AutoRelativeResize) will cause
              the outline to begin to rubber band until the invoking button
              is released.  To abort a resize, press another button before
              releasing the first button.


      f.restart
              This function kills and restarts ctwm.


      f.restoregeometry
              Restore the current window geometry to what was saved in the
              last call to f.savegeometry.


      f.righticonmgr
              This function is similar to f.nexticonmgr except that wrapping
              does not change rows.


      f.rightworkspace
              Goto the workspace immediately on the right of the current
              workspace in the workspace manager. If the current workspace
              is the rightest one, goto the leftest one in the same row. The
              result depends on the layout of the workspace manager.


      f.rightzoom
              This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function except
              that the selected window is only resized to the right half of
              the display.


      f.ring  Selects a window and adds it to the WarpRing, or removes it if
              it was already in the ring. This command makes f.warpring
              much  more useful, by making its configuration dynamic.


      f.savegeometry
              The geometry of the current window is saved. The next call to
              f.restoregeometry will restore this window to this geometry.


      f.saveyourself
              This function sends a WM_SAVEYOURSELF message to the selected
              window if it has requested the message in its WM_PROTOCOLS
              window property.  Clients that accept this message are
              supposed to checkpoint all state associated with the window
              and update the WM_COMMAND property as specified in the ICCCM.
              If the selected window has not selected for this message, the
              keyboard bell will be rung.



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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      f.separator
              Valid only in menus. The effect is to add a line separator
              between the previous and the following entry. The name
              selector part in the menu is not used (but must be present).


      f.setbuttonsstate
              Set the WorkSpace manager in button state.


      f.setmapstate
              Set the WorkSpace manager in map state.


      f.showiconmgr
              This function maps the current icon manager.


      f.sorticonmgr
              This function sorts the entries in the current icon manager
              alphabetically.  See the variable SortIconManager.


      f.showworkspacemgr
              Map the WorkSpace manager.


      f.slowdownanimation
              Decrease AnimationSpeed by 1.


      f.speedupanimation
              Increase AnimationSpeed by 1.


      f.squeeze
              f.squeeze squeezes a window to a null vertical size. Works
              only for windows with either a title, or a 3D border (in order
              to have something left on the screen). If the window is
              already squeezed, it is unsqueezed.


      f.startanimation
              Restart freezed animations (if any).


      f.stopanimation
              Freeze animations (if any).






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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      f.title This function provides a centered, unselectable item in a menu
              definition.  It should not be used in any other context.


      f.toggleoccupation string
              This function adds the selected window to the workspace whose
              name is string if it doesn't already belongs to it, and
              removes it from this workspace if not.


      f.togglestate
              Toggle the state of the WorkSpace manager.


      f.toggleworkspacemgr
              Toggle the presence of the WorkSpaceManager. If it is mapped,
              it will be unmapped and vice versa.


      f.topzoom
              This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function except
              that the selected window is only resized to the top half of
              the display.



      f.unfocus
              This function resets the focus back to pointer-driven.  This
              should be used when a focused window is no longer desired.


      f.upiconmgr
              This function warps the pointer to the previous row in the
              current icon manager, wrapping to the last row in the same
              column if necessary.


      f.upworkspace
              Goto the workspace immediately above the current workspace in
              the workspace manager. If the current workspace is the top
              one, goto the bottom one in the same column. The result
              depends on the layout of the workspace manager.


      f.vanish
              The specified window vanishes from the current workspace if it
              occupies at least one other WorkSpace. Do nothing in the
              others cases.

      f.vlzoom
              This function is a synonym for f.leftzoom.



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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      f.vrzoom
              This function is a synonym for f.rightzoom.


      f.warphere win_name
              This function adds the window which has a name or class that
              matches string to the current workspace and warps the pointer
              to it. If the window is iconified, it will be deiconified if
              the variable WarpUnmapped is set or else ignored.


      f.warpring string
              This function warps the pointer to the next or previous window
              (as indicated by the argument string, which may be "next" or
              "prev") specified in the WindowRing variable.


      f.warpto string
              This function warps the pointer to the window which has a name
              or class that matches string.  If the window is iconified, it
              will be deiconified if the variable WarpUnmapped is set or
              else ignored.


      f.warptoiconmgr string
              This function warps the pointer to the icon manager entry
              associated with the window containing the pointer in the icon
              manager specified by the argument string.  If string is empty
              (i.e. ""), the current icon manager is chosen.


      f.warptoscreen string
              This function warps the pointer to the screen specified by the
              argument string.  String may be a number (e.g. "0" or "1"),
              the word "next" (indicating the current screen plus 1,
              skipping over any unmanaged screens), the word "back"
              (indicating the current screen minus 1, skipping over any
              unmanaged screens), or the word "prev" (indicating the last
              screen visited.

      f.winrefresh
              This function is similar to the f.refresh function except that
              only the selected window is refreshed.

      f.zoom  This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function, except
              that the only the height of the selected window is changed.

 MENUS
      Functions may be grouped and interactively selected using pop-up (when
      bound to a pointer button) or pull-down (when associated with a
      titlebutton) menus.  Each menu specification contains the name of the



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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      menu as it will be referred to by f.menu, optional default foreground
      and background colors, the list of item names and the functions they
      should invoke, and optional foreground and background colors for
      individual items:

           Menu "menuname" [ ("deffore":"defback") ]
           {
                string1   [ ("fore1":"backn")]     function1
                string2   [ ("fore2":"backn")]     function2
                     .
                     .
                     .
                stringN   [ ("foreN":"backN")]     functionN
           }


      The menuname is case-sensitive.  The optional deffore and defback
      arguments specify the foreground and background colors used on a color
      display to highlight menu entries.  The string portion of each menu
      entry will be the text which will appear in the menu.  The optional
      fore and back arguments specify the foreground and background colors
      of the menu entry when the pointer is not in the entry.  These colors
      will only be used on a color display.  The default is to use the
      colors specified by the MenuForeground and MenuBackground variables.
      The function portion of the menu entry is one of the functions,
      including any user-defined functions, or additional menus.

      There is 3 special menus. TwmWindows contains the names of all of the
      client and ctwm-supplied windows in the current workspace.  Selecting
      an entry will cause the WindowFunction to be executed on that window.
      If WindowFunction hasn't been set, the window will be deiconified and
      raised. TwmWorkspaces contains the names of your workspaces, selecting
      an entry goto this workspace. In addition, these entries have submenus
      containing the names of all windows occupying this workspace,
      selecting such an entry executes f.warpto on this window. And finally,
      TwmAllWindows contains the names of all the windows ctwm manages.
      Selectting an entry executes f.warpto on this window.

      If an entry name begins with a '*' (star), this star won't be
      displayed and the corresponding entry will be the default entry for
      this menu. When a menu has a default entry and is used as a submenu of
      another menu, this default entry action will be executed automatically
      when this submenu is selected without beeing displayed. It's hard to
      explain, but easy to understand.

 ICONS
      Ctwm supports several different ways of manipulating iconified
      windows.  The common pixmap-and-text style may be laid out by hand or
      automatically arranged as described by the IconRegion variable.  In
      addition, a terse grid of icon names, called an icon manager, provides
      a more efficient use of screen space as well as the ability to



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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      navigate among windows from the keyboard.

      An icon manager is a window that contains names of selected or all
      windows currently on the display.  In addition to the window name, a
      small button using the default iconify symbol will be displayed to the
      left of the name when the window is iconified.  By default, clicking
      on an entry in the icon manager performs f.iconify.  To change the
      actions taken in the icon manager, use the the iconmgr context when
      specifying button and keyboard bindings.

      Moving the pointer into the icon manager also directs keyboard focus
      to the indicated window (setting the focus explicitly or else sending
      synthetic events NoTitleFocus is set).  Using the f.upiconmgr,
      f.downiconmgr f.lefticonmgr, and f.righticonmgr functions, the input
      focus can be changed between windows directly from the keyboard.

 BUGS
      The resource manager should have been used instead of all of the
      window lists.

      The IconRegion variable should take a list.

      Double clicking very fast to get the constrained move function will
      sometimes cause the window to move, even though the pointer is not
      moved.

      If IconifyByUnmapping is on and windows are listed in
      IconManagerDontShow but not in DontIconifyByUnmapping, they may be
      lost if they are iconified and no bindings to f.menu "TwmWindows" or
      f.warpto are setup.

 FILES
       $HOME/.ctwmrc.<screen number>
       $HOME/.ctwmrc
       /usr/lib/X11/twm/system.ctwmrc
      $HOME/.twmrc

 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
      DISPLAY This variable is used to determine which X server to use.  It
              is also set during f.exec so that programs come up on the
              proper screen.

      HOME    This variable is used as the prefix for files that begin with
              a tilde and for locating the ctwm startup file.

 SEE ALSO
      X(1), Xserver(1), xdm(1), xrdb(1)

 COPYRIGHT
      Portions copyright 1988 Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation;
      portions copyright 1989 Hewlett-Packard Company and the Massachusetts



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 CTWM(1)                                                             CTWM(1)
                                 Version 3.6



      Institute of Technology,  See X(1) for a full statement of rights and
      permissions.

 AUTHORS
      Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Jim Fulton, MIT X Consortium; Steve
      Pitschke, Stardent Computer; Keith Packard, MIT X Consortium; Dave
      Sternlicht, MIT X Consortium; Dave Payne, Apple Computer.  Claude
      Lecommandeur, Swiss Polytechnical Institute of Lausanne
      (lecom@sic.epfl.ch).













































                                   - 53 -      Formatted:  December 27, 2024