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 XLI(1)                                                               XLI(1)
                                 27 Jul 1994



 NAME
      xli, xsetbg, xview - load images into an X11 window or onto the root
      window

 SYNOPSIS
      xli [global_options] {[image_options] image ...}
      xli [global_options] [image_options] stdin < image

 DESCRIPTION
      xli displays images in an X11 window or loads them onto the root
      window.  See the IMAGE TYPES section below for supported image types.

      If the filename stdin is given, xli will read the image from standard
      input.

      If the destination display cannot support the number of colors in the
      image, the image will be dithered (monochrome destination) or have its
      colormap reduced (color destination) as appropriate.  This can also be
      done forcibly with the -halftone, -dither, and -colors options.

      A variety of image manipulations can be specified, including gamma
      correction, brightening, clipping, dithering, depth-reduction,
      rotation, and zooming.  Most of these manipulations have simple
      implementations; speed was opted for above accuracy.

      If you are viewing a large image in a window, the initial window will
      be at most 90% of the size of the display unless the window manager
      does not correctly handle window size requests or if you've used the
      -fullscreen or -fillscreen options.  You may move the image around in
      the window by dragging with the first mouse button.  The cursor will
      indicate which directions you may drag, if any.

      When the keyboard focus is in the window you can:
      Type 'q' or '^C' to exit xli.
      Type space, 'n' or 'f' to move to the next image in the list.
      Type 'b' or 'p' to move to the previous image in the list.
      Type . to reload the image.
      Type l to rotate the image anti-clockwise.
      Type r to rotate the image clockwise.
      Type 0 to set the images assumed gamma to your display gamma
             (usually darkens images)
      Type 1 to set the images assumed gamma to 1.0
             (usually lightens images)
      Type 5-2 to lighten the image (5 in small steps, up to 2 in large steps)
      Type 6-9 to darken the image (6 in small steps, up to 9 in large steps)

      A wide variety of common image manipulations can be done by mixing and
      matching  the  available  options.  See the section entitled HINTS FOR
      GOOD IMAGE DISPLAYS for some ideas.





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 XLI(1)                                                               XLI(1)
                                 27 Jul 1994



      Xsetbg is equivalent to xli -onroot -quiet and xview is equivalent  to
      xli -view -verbose.

 RESOURCE CLASS
      xli uses the resource class name _XSETROOT_IdFR  for  window  managers
      which need this resource set.

 GLOBAL OPTIONS
      The following options affect the global operation of xli.  They may be
      specified anywhere on the command line.

      -default
           Set the root background to the default root weave.  This  is  the
           same as xsetroot with no arguments.

      -debug
           Talk to the X server in synchronous mode.   This  is  useful  for
           debugging.  If an X error is seen while in this mode, a core will
           be dumped.

      -dumpcore
           Signals will not be trapped, and instead a coredump will occur.

      -display display_name
           X11 display name to send the image(s) to.

      -dispgamma Display_gamma
           Specify the gamma correction value appropriate  for  the  display
           device.   This  overides  the  value  read  from  the environment
           variable DISPLAY_GAMMA, or the default value  of  2.2,  which  is
           approximately  correct  for many displays. A value of between 1.6
           and 2.8 is reasonable. If individual images  are  too  bright  or
           dark, use the -gamma option.

      There is an image provided with xli called  'chkgamma.jpg'  that  lets
      you  set  the display gamma reasonably accurately.  This file contains
      two grayscale ramps. The ramps are chosen to look linear to the  human
      eye,  one using continuous tones, and the other using dithering.  When
      the  display  gamma  is  correct,  then  the  two  ramps  should  look
      symmetrical, and the point at which they look equally bright should be
      almost exactly half way from the top to  the  bottom.  (To  find  this
      point it helps if you move away a little from the screen, and de-focus
      your eyes a bit.)

      If the equal brightness point is above center increase the gamma,  and
      decrease  it  if  it  is  below  the center. The value will usually be
      around 2.2 Once you've got it right, you  can  set  the  DISPLAY_GAMMA
      environment variable in your .profile

      -fillscreen
           Use the whole screen for displaying an image. The image  will  be



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 XLI(1)                                                               XLI(1)
                                 27 Jul 1994



           zoomed so that it just fits the size of the screen. If -onroot is
           also specified, it will be zoomed to completely fill the screen.

      -fit Force image to use the default  visual  and  colormap.   This  is
           useful  if  you do not want technicolor effects when the colormap
           focus is inside the image window, but it may reduce  the  quality
           of  the  displayed  image.   This  is on by default if -onroot or
           -windowid is specified.

      -fork
           Fork xli.  This causes xli to disassociate itself from the shell.
           This option automatically turns on -quiet.

      -fullscreen
           Use the whole screen for displaying an image. The image  will  be
           surrounded  by  a  border  if  it  is smaller than the screen. If
           -onroot is also specified, the image will be zoomed  so  that  it
           just fits the size of the screen.

      -geometry WxH[{+-X}{+-}Y]
           This sets the size of the window onto which the images are loaded
           to a different value than the size of the image.  When viewing an
           image in a window, this can be used to set the size and  position
           of  the  viewing  window.   If  the  size is not specified in the
           geometry, (or is set to 0), then the size will be  chosen  to  be
           small enough to able to fit the window in the screen (as usual).

      -goto image_name
           When the end of the list  of  images  is  reached,  go  to  image
           image_name.  This is useful for generating looped slideshows.  If
           more than one image of the same name as the target exists on  the
           argument list, the first in the argument list is used.

      -help [option ...]
           Give information on an option or list of options.  If  no  option
           is given, a simple interactive help facility is invoked.

      -identify
           Identify the supplied images rather than display them.

      -install
           Forcibly install the images colormap when the window is  focused.
           This  violates ICCCM standards and only exists to allow operation
           with naive window managers.  Use this option only if your  window
           manager does not install colormaps properly.

      -list
           List the images which are along the image path.

      -onroot
           Load image(s) onto the  root  window  instead  of  viewing  in  a



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 XLI(1)                                                               XLI(1)
                                 27 Jul 1994



           window.  This option automatically sets the -fit option.  This is
           the opposite of -view.  XSetbg has this option  set  by  default.
           If used in conjunction with -fullscreen, the image will be zoomed
           to just fit. If used with -fillscreen, the image will  be  zoomed
           to  completely  fill  the  screen. -border, -at, and -center also
           affect the results.

      -path
           Displays the image path and image suffixes  which  will  be  used
           when  looking  for  images.   These  are loaded from ~/.xlirc and
           optionally from a system wide file (normally /usr/lib/xlirc).

      -pixmap
           Force the use of a pixmap as backing-store.  This is provided for
           servers  where  backing-store is broken (such as some versions of
           the AIXWindows server).  It may improve scrolling performance  on
           servers which provide backing-store.

      -private
           Force the  use  of  a  private  colormap.   Normally  colors  are
           allocated shared unless there are not enough colors available.

      -quiet
           Forces xli and xview to  be  quiet.   This  is  the  default  for
           xsetbg, but the others like to whistle.

      -supported
           List the supported image types.

      -verbose
           Causes xli to be talkative, telling you what kind of  image  it's
           playing  with  and any special processing that it has to do. This
           is the default for xview and xli.

      -version
           Print the version number and patchlevel of this version of xli.

      -view
           View image(s) in a window.  This is the opposite of  -onroot  and
           the default for xview and xli.

      -visual visual_name
           Force the use of a specific visual  type  to  display  an  image.
           Normally  xli  tries  to  pick  the  best  available  image for a
           particular  image  type.   The  available   visual   types   are:
           DirectColor,  TrueColor, PseudoColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, and
           StaticGray.  Nonconflicting names may be abbreviated and case  is
           ignored.

      -windowid hex_window_id
           Sets the background  pixmap  of  a  particular  window  ID.   The



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 XLI(1)                                                               XLI(1)
                                 27 Jul 1994



           argument  must be in hexadecimal and must be preceded by "0x" (eg
           -windowid 0x40000b.  This is intended for setting the  background
           pixmap  of  some servers which use untagged virtual roots (eg HP-
           VUE), but can have other interesting applications.

 PERSISTENT IMAGE OPTIONS
      The following options may precede each image.  They take  effect  from
      the  next  image,  and  continue  until  overridden  or  canceled with
      -newoptions.

      -border color
           This sets the background portion of the window or  clipped  image
           which is not covered by any images to be color.

      -brighten percentage
           Specify a percentage multiplier for a color images  colormap.   A
           value  of  more than 100 will brighten an image, one of less than
           100 will darken it.

      -colors n
           Specify the maximum number of colors to use in the  image.   This
           is a way to forcibly reduce the depth of an image.

      -cdither

      -colordither
           Dither the image with a Floyd-Steinberg dither if the  number  of
           colors  is  reduced.   This  will be slow, but will give a better
           looking  result  with  a  restricted  color  set.  -cdither   and
           -colordither are equivalent.

      -delay secs
           Sets xli to automatically advance to the  following  image,  secs
           seconds after the next image file is displayed.

      -dither
           Dither a  color  image  to  monochrome  using  a  Floyd-Steinberg
           dithering  algorithm.  This happens by default when viewing color
           images on a monochrome display.  This is  slower  than  -halftone
           and affects the image accuracy but usually looks much better.

      -gamma Image_gamma
           Specify the gamma of the display the image  was  intended  to  be
           displayed  on.   Images  seem  to  come in two flavors: 1) linear
           color images, produced by ray tracers, scanners etc.  These  sort
           of  images  generally  look too dark when displayed directly to a
           CRT display. 2) Images that have been processed to look right  on
           a  typical  CRT  display  without  any  sort of processing. These
           images have been 'gamma corrected'. By default, xli assumes  that
           8  bit  images  have  been  gamma  corrected  and  need  no other
           processing. 24 bit images are assumed to be linear.  If a  linear



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 XLI(1)                                                               XLI(1)
                                 27 Jul 1994



           image  is  displayed as if it is gamma corrected it will look too
           dark, and a gamma value of 1.0 should be specified, so  that  xli
           can  correct  the  image  for  the CRT display device. If a gamma
           corrected image is displayed as if it were a linear  image,  then
           it  will look too light, and a gamma value of (approximately) 2.2
           should be specified for that image.  Some formats (RLE) allow the
           image  gamma  to be embedded as a comment in the file itself, and
           the -gamma option allows overriding  of  the  file  comment.   In
           general,  values  smaller  than  2.2  will lighten the image, and
           values greater than 2.2 will darken the image.  In  general  this
           will work better than the -brighten option.

      -gray
           Convert  an  image  to  grayscale.   This  is  very  useful  when
           displaying   colorful   images  on  servers  with  limited  color
           capability.  The optional spelling -grey may also be used.

      -idelay secs
           Set the delay to be used for this  image  to  secs  seconds  (see
           -delay).   If -delay was specified, this overrides it.  If it was
           not specified, this sets the automatic  advance  delay  for  this
           image while others will wait for the user to advance them.

      -smooth
           Smooth a color image.  This reduces blockiness after  zooming  an
           image  up.  If used on a monochrome image, nothing happens.  This
           option can take awhile to perform, especially  on  large  images.
           You  may  specify more than one -smooth option per image, causing
           multiple iterations of the smoothing algorithm.

      -title window_title
           Set the titlebar of the window used to display the  image.   This
           will  overide  any  title  that  is read from the image file. The
           title will also be used for the icon name.

      -xpm color_context_key
           Select the prefered xpm colour map. XPM files  may  contain  more
           than  one  color  mapping,  each  mapping being appropriate for a
           particular visual.  Normally xli will select an apropriate  color
           mapping  from  that  supported by the XPM file by checking on the
           default X visual class and depth.  This option allows the user to
           overide  this choice.  Legal values of  color_context_key are: m,
           g4, g and c.  m = mono, g4 = 4 level gray, g = gray, c = color ).

      -xzoom percentage
           Zoom the X axis of an image by percentage.  A number greater than
           100  will expand the image, one smaller will compress it.  A zero
           value will be ignored.  This option, and the related  -yzoom  are
           useful for correcting the aspect ratio of images to be displayed.





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 XLI(1)                                                               XLI(1)
                                 27 Jul 1994



      -yzoom percentage
           Zoom the Y axis of an image by percentage.  See -xzoom  for  more
           information.

      -zoom percentage
           Zoom both the X and Y axes by percentage.  See  -xzoom  for  more
           information.   Technically  the percentage actually zoomed is the
           square of the number supplied since the zoom is to both axes, but
           I opted for consistency instead of accuracy.

      -newoptions
           Reset   options   that   propagate.    The   -bright,    -colors,
           -colordither,   -delay,   -dither,   -gamma,  -gray,  -normalize,
           -smooth, -xzoom, -yzoom, and -zoom options normally propagate  to
           all following images.

 LOCAL IMAGE OPTIONS
      The following options may precede each image.  These options are local
      to the image they precede.

      -at X,Y
           Indicates coordinates to load the image at X,Y on the base image.
           If  this  is an option to the first image, and the -onroot option
           is specified, the image will be loaded at the given  location  on
           the display background.

      -background color
           Use color as the background color instead of the default (usually
           white but this depends on the image type) if you are transferring
           a monochrome image to a color display.

      -center
           Center the image on the base image loaded.  If this is an  option
           to  the  first  image,  and  the -onroot option is specified, the
           image will be centered on the display background.

      -clip X,Y,W,H
           Clip the image before loading it.  X and Y define the  upper-left
           corner  of  the  clip area, and W and H define the extents of the
           area.  A zero value for  W  or  H  will  be  interpreted  as  the
           remainder  of  the  image. Note that X and Y may be negative, and
           that W and H may be larger than the image. This causes  a  border
           to  be  placed around the image. The border color may be set with
           the -border option.

      -expand
           Forces the image (after all  other  optional  processing)  to  be
           expanded  into  a  True  Color  (24 bit) image. This is useful on
           systems which support 24 bit color, but where xli might choose to
           load  a bitmap or 8 bit image into one of the other smaller depth
           visuals supported on your system.



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 XLI(1)                                                               XLI(1)
                                 27 Jul 1994



      -foreground color
           Use color as the foreground color instead of  black  if  you  are
           transferring  a  monochrome  image  to a color display.  This can
           also be used to invert the foreground and background colors of  a
           monochrome image.

      -halftone
           Force halftone dithering of a color image when  displaying  on  a
           monochrome display.  This option is ignored on monochrome images.
           This dithering algorithm blows an image up by sixteen  times;  if
           you  don't  like this, the -dither option will not blow the image
           up but will take longer to process and will be less accurate.

      -invert
           Inverts a monochrome image.  This is  shorthand  for  -foreground
           white -background black.

      -merge
           Merge this image onto the base image after local processing.  The
           base  image  is considered to be the first image specified or the
           last  image  that  was  not  preceded  by  -merge.   If  used  in
           conjunction  with -at and -clip, very complex images can be built
           up.  Note that the final image will be  the  size  of  the  first
           image, and that subsequent merged images overlay previous images.
           The final image size can be altered by using the -clip option  on
           the  base  image to make it bigger or smaller.  This option is on
           by default for all images if the -onroot or -windowid options are
           specified.

      -name image_name
           Force the next argument to be treated as an image name.  This  is
           useful if the name of the image is -dither, for instance.

      -normalize
           Normalize a color image.

      -rotate degrees
           Rotate the image by degrees clockwise.   The  number  must  be  a
           multiple of 90.

 EXAMPLES
      To load the rasterfile "my.image" onto the background and replicate it
      to fill the entire background:

           xli -onroot my.image

      To load a monochrome image "my.image" onto the background,  using  red
      as   the   foreground   color,   replicate   the  image,  and  overlay
      "another.image" onto it at coordinate (10,10):

           xli -foreground red my.image -at 10,10 another.image



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 XLI(1)                                                               XLI(1)
                                 27 Jul 1994



      To center the rectangular region from 10 to 110 along the X  axis  and
      from 10 to the height of the image along the Y axis:

           xli -center -clip 10,10,100,0 my.image

      To double the size of an image:

           xli -zoom 200 my.image

      To halve the size of an image:

           xli -zoom 50 my.image

      To brighten a dark image:

           xli -brighten 150 my.image

      To darken a bright image:

           xli -brighten 50 my.image

 HINTS FOR GOOD IMAGE DISPLAYS
      Since images are likely to come from a variety of sources, they may be
      in  a  variety  of  aspect  ratios  which may not be supported by your
      display.  The -xzoom and -yzoom options can  be  used  to  change  the
      aspect ratio of an image before display.  If you use these options, it
      is recommended that you increase the size of  one  of  the  dimensions
      instead  of  shrinking  the other, since shrinking looses detail.  For
      instance, many GIF and G3 FAX images have an X:Y ratio of  about  2:1.
      You  can  correct this for viewing on a 1:1 display with either -xzoom
      50 or -yzoom 200 (reduce X axis to 50% of its size and expand  Y  axis
      to 200% of its size, respectively) but the latter should be used so no
      detail is lost in the conversion.

      When zooming color images up you can reduce blockiness  with  -smooth.
      For  zooms of 300% or more, I recommend two smoothing passes (although
      this can take awhile to  do  on  slow  machines).   There  will  be  a
      noticeable improvement in the image.

      You can perform image processing on a small portion  of  an  image  by
      loading  the  image more than once and using the -merge, -at and -clip
      options.  Load the image, then merge  it  with  a  clipped,  processed
      version  of  itself.   To brighten a 100x100 rectangular portion of an
      image located at (50,50), for instance, you could type:

           xli my.image -merge -at 50,50 -clip 50,50,100,100  -brighten  150
      my.image

      If you're using a display with a small colormap  to  display  colorful
      images, try using the -gray option to convert to grayscale.




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 XLI(1)                                                               XLI(1)
                                 27 Jul 1994



 XLITO
      xlito (XLoadImageTrailingOptions) is a separate utility that  provides
      a  file  format  independent  way  of  marking  image  files  with the
      appropriate options to display correctly.  It does this  by  appending
      to file a string specified by the user, marked with some magic numbers
      so that this string can be extracted by a program that knows where  to
      look.  Since  almost  all  image  files  have  some sort of image size
      specifier, the programs that load or manipulate  these  files  do  not
      look  beyond  the point at which they have read the image, so trailing
      information can safely be appended to  the  file.  If  appending  this
      information  causes  trouble  with  other  utilities, it can simply be
      deleted.

      xli will recognize these trailing options at  the  end  of  the  image
      files,  and will treat the embedded string as if it were a sequence of
      command line IMAGE OPTIONS. Any GLOBAL OPTIONS will  be  ignored,  and
      the IMAGE OPTIONS are never propagated to other images.

      Trailing options can be examined with:

           xlito image_file ...

      Changed or added with:

           xlito -c "string of options" image_file

      And deleted with:

           xlito -d image_file ...

      For example, if you have a gif file fred.gif which is too dark and  is
      the wrong aspect ratio, then it may need to be viewed with:

           xli -yzoom 130 -gamma 1.0 fred.gif

      to get it to look OK. These options can then be appended to  the  file
      by:

           xlito -c "-yzoom 130 -gamma 1.0" fred.gif

      and from then on xli will get the appropriate options from  the  image
      file  itself.  See the  xlito manual entry for more details about this
      utility.


 PATHS AND EXTENSIONS
      The file ~/.xlirc (and optionally a system-wide file) defines the path
      and  default  extensions  that  xli  will use when looking for images.
      This file can have  two  statements:  "path="  and  "extension="  (the
      equals signs must follow the word with no spaces between).  Everything
      following the "path=" keyword will be prepended to the supplied  image



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 XLI(1)                                                               XLI(1)
                                 27 Jul 1994



      name  if  the  supplied  name  does not specify an existing file.  The
      paths will be searched in the order they  are  specified.   Everything
      following  the  "extension="  keyword will be appended to the supplied
      image name if the supplied name does not specify an existing file.  As
      with  paths,  these  extensions will be searched in the order they are
      given.  Comments are any portion of a line following a hash-mark (#).

      The following is a sample ~/.xlirc file:

        # paths to look for images in
        path= /usr/local/images
              /home/usr1/guest/madd/images
              /usr/include/X11/bitmaps

        # default extensions for images; .Z is automatic; scanned in order
        extension= .csun .msun .sun .face .xbm .bm

      Versions of xli prior to version 01,  patchlevel  03  would  load  the
      system-wide file (if any), followed by the user's file.  This behavior
      made it difficult for the user to configure  her  environment  if  she
      didn't  want  the default.  Newer versions will ignore the system-wide
      file if a personal configuration file exists.

 IMAGE TYPES
      xli currently supports the following image types:

        CMU Window Manager raster files
        Faces Project images
        Fuzzy Bitmap (.fbm) images
        GEM bit images
        GIF images (Including GIF89a compatibility)
        G3 FAX images
        JFIF style jpeg images
        McIDAS areafiles
        MacPaint images
        Windows, OS/2 RLE Image
        Monochrome PC Paintbrush (.pcx) images
        Photograph on CD Image
        Portable Bitmap (.pbm, .pgm, .ppm) images
        Sun monochrome rasterfiles
        Sun color RGB rasterfiles
        Targa (.tga) files
        Utah Raster Toolkit (.rle) files
        X pixmap (.xpm) files (Version 1, 2C and 3)
        X10 bitmap files
        X11 bitmap files
        X Window Dump (except TrueColor and DirectColor)

      Normal, compact, and raw PBM images are supported.  Both standard  and
      run-length  encoded  Sun  rasterfiles  are supported.  Any image whose
      name ends in .Z is assumed to  be  a  compressed  image  and  will  be



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 XLI(1)                                                               XLI(1)
                                 27 Jul 1994



      filtered  through  "uncompress".  If  HAVE_GUNZIP  is  defined  in the
      Makefile.std make file, then any image whose name ends in

      Any  file  that  looks  like  a  uuencoded  file   will   be   decoded
      automatically.

 AUTHORS
      The original Author is:
      Jim Frost
      Saber Software
      jimf@saber.com

      Version 1.16 of xli is derived from xloadimage 3.01 has  been  brought
      to you by:
      Graeme Gill
      graeme@labtam.oz.au

      For a more-or-less complete list of other contributors  (there  are  a
      lot   of   them),  please  see  the  README  file  enclosed  with  the
      distribution.

 FILES
           xli                      - the image loader and viewer
           xsetbg                  - pseudonym which quietly sets the background
           xview                   - pseudonym which views in a window
           xlito                   - the trailing options utility
           /usr/lib/X11/Xli        - default system-wide configuration file
           ~/.xlirc                - user's personal configuration file

 COPYRIGHT
      Copyright (c) 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 Jim Frost, Graeme Gill  and
      others.

      Xli is copywritten material  with  a  very  loose  copyright  allowing
      unlimited  modification  and distribution if the copyright notices are
      left intact.  Various portions are copywritten by various people,  but
      all  use a modification of the MIT copyright notice.  Please check the
      source for complete copyright information.  The intent is to keep  the
      source  free, not to stifle its distribution, so please write to me if
      you have any questions.

 BUGS
      Zooming dithered images, especially downwards, is UGLY.

      Images can come in a variety of aspect ratios.  Xli cannot detect what
      aspect  ratio  the  particular  image being loaded has, nor the aspect
      ratio of the destination display,  so  images  with  differing  aspect
      ratios  from  the  destination  display  will  appear  distorted.  The
      solution to this is to use xlito to append the appropriate options  to
      the  image  file. See HINTS FOR GOOD IMAGE DISPLAYS and XLITO for more
      information.



                                   - 12 -       Formatted:  December 5, 2024






 XLI(1)                                                               XLI(1)
                                 27 Jul 1994



      The GIF format allows more than one image to be stored in a single GIF
      file, but xli will only display the first.

      One of the pseudonyms for xli, xview, is the same name as Sun uses for
      their  SunView-under-X  package.  This will be confusing if you're one
      of those poor souls who has to use Sun's XView.

      Some window managers do not correctly handle window size requests.  In
      particular,  many  versions  of the twm window manager use the MaxSize
      hint instead of the PSize hint, causing images which are  larger  than
      the  screen  to  display in a window larger than the screen, something
      which is normally avoided.  Some  versions  of  twm  also  ignore  the
      MaxSize  argument's  real  function,  to limit the maximum size of the
      window, and allow the window to be resized larger than the image.   If
      this  happens, xli merely places the image in the upper-left corner of
      the window and uses the zero-value'ed pixel for any space which is not
      covered  by the image.  This behavior is less-than-graceful but so are
      window managers which are cruel enough to ignore such details.

      The order in which operations are performed on an image is independent
      of  the  order  in  which  they  were  specified  on the command line.
      Wherever possible I tried to order operations in such a way as to look
      the  best  possible  (zooming  before  dithering,  for instance) or to
      increase speed (zooming downward before compressing, for instance).

      Display Gamma should setable in the ~/.xlirc file.

      Embedded trailing options overide  the  command  line  Image  Options.
      Command line options should really overide trailing options.

























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