jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

NAME
jgraph - filter for graph plotting to postscript

SYNTAX
jgraph [-p] [-P] [-L] [-comments] [filename ...]

DESCRIPTION
Jgraph takes the description of a graph or graphs and produces a
postscript file on the standard output. Jgraph is ideal for plotting
any mixture of scatter point graphs, line graphs, and/or bar graphs,
and embedding the output into LaTeX, or any other text processing

Jgraph reads its input from the specified files.  If no files are
specified, then it reads from standard input.

The graph description language is simple enough to get nice looking
graphs with a minimum of effort, yet powerful enough to give the user
the flexibility to tailor the appearance of the graph to his or her
individual preferences.  This includes plotting multiple graphs and
laying them out separately on the page (or pages).

As an example, if the user wanted to simply plot the points (2,3),
(4,5), (1,6), the following would be enough of a specification file:

newgraph
newcurve pts 2 3 4 5 1 6

Now, if the user wanted to spruce the graph up by adding labels to the
axes, connecting the points, and titling the graph, then the input
could change to:

newgraph
newcurve pts 2 3 4 5 1 6 linetype solid
xaxis label : X axis
yaxis label : Y axis
title : This is an example graph

If the user instead wanted this to be a bar graph with different
endpoints on the axes, he/she could simply change the input to:

newgraph
xaxis min 0 max 5 label : X axis
yaxis min 0 max 6 label : Y axis
newcurve pts 2 3 4 5 1 6 marktype xbar
title : This is an example bar graph

There are many more features of the description language, which are
described below in the next section.  Features which are not embedded
within the description language are: line and function interpolation,
function plotting, and pie graphs.  The latter is impossible to do

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

with the aid of jgraph, however, the others can be effected with
jgraph mixed with awk or c.  See FUNCTION PLOTTING AND OTHER NON-
INHERENT FEATURES below.

Also below is a section HINTS AND EXAMPLE GRAPHS, which may give good
ideas on how to use jgraph more effectively.

OPTIONS
-P   The -P option produces postscript which can be piped directly to
lpr, which can be displayed in an Xwindows environment with gs
(ghostscript).  Without this option, the output should be
embedded within LaTeX or a similar text processing system.

-L   The -L option produces a landscape plot.

-p   The -p option re-prints the input on the standard output, only
with all the defaults made explicit.  This is useful for letting
the user do his/her own special formatting, as it shows the
explicit values that the defaults assume, so that they can be
manipulated.

This option makes jgraph put comments into the output postscript.
These make it easier for the user to wade through the final
postscript if necessary.

THE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE
The description language is essentially keywords followed by
attributes.  All keywords and attributes except for string attributes
are tokens -- non-white-space characters surrounded by white-space.
Special tokens are (*'', *)'', include'', :'', and shell'',
which denote comments, include-file statements, string identifiers,
and shell-include statements:

Comments are surrounded by the tokens (*'' *)'' as in
Modula-2 (except that here, the tokens must be surrounded by
white- space).  Comments may be nested.  If the comment runs to
the end of a file, the last *)'' may be omitted.

Include-file statements
The token following an include'' token is expected to be a file
name.  The result of the statement is to include the contents of
the file at that point.  Include-file statments can be nested
within included files, and within shell includes.

Strings
In places where strings are required (as in graph and curve
labels), they are denoted by the token :''.  The second
character after the :'' starts the string, and the next newline
character terminates it. Thus, the string Graph #1'' can be

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

denoted as:

: Graph #1<newline>

or

:<newline>
Graph #1<newline>

One can get multiline strings by making a backslash the last
character before the newline on all but the last line.  Notice
that in strings white-space is not ignored. This way of denoting
strings allows the user to embed leading and trailing spaces, as
well as the null string.  For example, the null string '' is
represented by:

: <newline>

Once a string has been started, it may contain any character.
Specifically, it may contain the sequence (*'', shell'', or
include'' without starting a comment or including a file.  Each
line of a string must contain less than 1000 characters.
Otherwise string sizes are limited only by the size of memory.

Shell-include statements
Shell include statements are of the form shell'', :'', and
then a string.  The result of the statement is that the string is
executed (using popen, which passes the string to sh), and the
standard output is included at that point.  Shell-includes can be
freely nested within include-files and other shell-includes.
Shell commands may be more than one line, but must not exceed
1000 characters.  The shell statement is not (yet) available on
VMS.

Notation
In the descriptions below:

tk {integer}
means that token tk must be followed by an integer.

tk [integer]
means that tk may be followed by an integer, but doesn't
have to.  In most cases, if tk is not followed by an
integer, then the command denoted by tk is ignored.

tk [{integer} {integer}]*
means that tk must be followed by an even number of
integers. Supported types other than integer are: {float}
for floating point entries, {token} for any token, and
{string} for a string as defined above.

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

TOP-LEVEL DESCRIPTION COMMANDS

newgraph
This starts editing a new graph (see GRAPH EDITING
COMMANDS).  Note that multiple graphs may be drawn on the
same page.

graph {integer}
This edits the graph denoted by {integer}. If the graph
doesn't exist, then this command creates it and starts
editing it. Newgraph is simply an abbreviation for graph n
where n=0 if this is the first graph, otherwise n=m+1, where
m is the largest number of any graph so far.

copygraph [integer]
This creates a new graph, and copies all the attributes from
the graph [integer]'s x and y axes, as well as its
x_translate and y_translate values, the clipping, the legend
defaults, and the title defaults.   If the [integer] is
omitted, then it copies its values from the previous''
graph, which is defined to be the graph with the largest
number less than the currrent graph's number.  If the
current graph has the smallest number, then it will take the
last graph from the previous page of graphs.  If there is no
previous page, then an error will be flagged.  (copygraph
does not copy the values of the hash_at, mhash_at, and
hash_label attributes).

newpage
This command is for plotting graphs on multiple pages.
After a newpage, the graphs that the user enters will be
plotted on a new page.  New graphs and strings will be
numbered starting with 0. Essentially, newpage is the same
as appending together the output of separate calls of jgraph
on the text before the newpage, and on the text after the
newpage.  Newpage will most likely produce bizarre results
if the -P option is not specified.

X [float]
Y [float]
Postscript files to be embedded in LaTeX (and some other
programs) contain a bounding box'' which defines the area
which LaTeX will allocate for the postscript.  Other
programs use this bounding box as well, sometimes using it
to define where to clip the postscript image.  Jgraph uses
the axis lines and labels, and the title to generate its
bounding box.  Most of the time that's good enough to work
in LaTeX.  The Y and X commands say to make the height and
width of the bounding box at least Y and X inches,
respectively, but to maintain the current centering of the
graph.  If you still need further control over the bounding

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

box (e.g. to change the centering), try the bbox command.
If there's more than one page in the jgraph file, Y, X and
bbox values can be given for each graph.

bbox float float float float
If the Y and X commands aren't enough to help you define a
good bounding box, this command lets you explicitly enter
one which will go directly into the jgraph output.  Its
units are the final postscript units.  It's probably best to
use the -pFR option to see what the bounding box is that
jgraph produces, and then alter that accordingly with bbox.
The main use for this is to change the automatic centering
that jgraph performs:  Usually the center of the bounding
box that jgraph computes is put at the center of the page.
Changing the bbox changes this center.

preamble : {string}
preamble {token}
epilogue : {string}
epilogue {token}
These two commands allow the user to include strings or
files (the token specifies the filename) which will be
copied directly into jgraph's output.  The preamble is
included at the beginning of the output (after some initial
postscript to set things up for jgraph), and the epilogue is
included at the end.  A good use for the preamble is to set
up a postscript dictionary if you're using postscript marks.

GRAPH EDITING COMMANDS
These commands act on the current graph. Graph editing is
terminated when one of the top-level description commands is
given.

xaxis
yaxis
Edit the x or y axis (see AXIS EDITING COMMANDS)

newcurve
This starts editing a new curve of the graph (see CURVE
EDITING COMMANDS).

curve {integer}
This edits the curve denoted by {integer}. If the curve
doesn't exist, then this command creates it and starts
editing it. Newcurve and curve interact as newgraph and
graph do.

newline
This is an abbreviation for:

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

newcurve marktype none linetype solid

copycurve [integer]
This starts editing a new curve of the graph, and copies all
its values except for the points from curve [integer.] If
the [integer] is omitted, then it copies its values from the
last curve in this graph.  If this graph currently has no
curves, then it searches backwards from the previous graph.

title
This edits the title of the graph (see LABEL EDITING
COMMANDS).  The title is given a default location centered
beneath the graph, and a default font size of 12, however,
as with all labels, this can be changed.

legend
The edits the legend of the graph (see LEGEND EDITING
COMMANDS).  As a default, the graph will contain a legend if
any of its curves have labels.

newstring
This edits a new text string (see LABEL EDITING COMMANDS).
This is useful as it allows the user to plot text on the
graph as well as curves.

string {integer}
copystring [integer]
String and copystring are to newstring as curve and
copycurve are to newcurve.

border
noborder
Border draws a square border around the area defined by the
axes.  Noborder specifies no border.  Noborder is the
default.

clip
noclip
Clip specifies that all curves in the graph will be clipped
-- that is, no points outside of the of axes will be
plotted.  Clipping can also be specified on a per-curve
basis.  The default is noclip.

inherit_axes
This is an old command which is kept for backward
compatibility.  Copycurve.  is equivalent to:

newgraph inherit_axes

x_translate [float]

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

y_translate [float]
By default, the bottom left-hand corner of each graph is at
point (0,0) (final postscript units).  X_translate and
Y_translate translate the bottom left-hand corner of the
graph [float] inches.  The main use of this is to draw more
than one graph on a page.  Note that jgraph considers all
the graphs drawn on the page when it computes its bounding
box for centering.  Thus, if only one graph is drawn, it
will always be centered on the page, regardless of its
X_translate and Y_translate values.  These values are used
for relative placement of the graphs.
To change the centering of the graphs, use bbox.

X [float]
Y [float]
These are the same as X and Y in the Top-level commands,
except that they let the user continue editing the current
graph.

SIMPLE AXIS EDITING COMMANDS
These commands act on the current axis as chosen by xaxis or
yaxis (see GRAPH EDITING COMMANDS). Axis editing terminates when
a graph or top-level command is given. There are more advanced
axis editing commands given below which have to do with moving
the hash marks, adding new hash marks and labels, etc.  See

linear
log  Set the axis to be linear or logarithmic. The default is
linear.  If the axis is set to be logarithmic, then values
<= 0.0 will be disallowed, as they are at negative infinity
on the axis.

min [float]
max [float]
Set the minimum and maximum values of this axis.  Defaults
depend on the points given.  They can be seen by using the
-p option.  Unless stated, all units (for example point
plotting, string plotting, etc.) will be in terms of the min
and max values of the x and y axes.

size [float]
Set the size of this axis in inches.

log_base [float]
Set the base of the logarithmic axis. Default = 10.  This is
the value which determines which hash marks and hash labels
are automatically produced.

hash [float]
Hash marks will be [float] units apart.  Default = -1. If

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

this value equals 0, then there will be no hash marks.  If
this value is less than 0, then the hash marks will be
automatically set by jgraph (see -p for the value).  By
default, each hash mark will be labeled with its value. Hash
and shash are ignored if the axes are logarithmic.

shash [float]
Make sure there is a hash mark at the point [float] along
the axis.  The default is set by jgraph if hash = -1.  If
hash is set by the user, shash is defaulted to the min value
of the axis.

mhash [integer]
Put [integer] minor hash marks between the above hash marks.
Default = -1.  If this value equals 0, then there will be no
minor hash marks.  If this value is negative, then the value
will be chosen by jgraph (see -p for the value).

precision [integer]

hash_format token
These control how jgraph formats the automatic hash labels.
The user shouldn't have to worry about these values, except
in extreme cases.  Jgraph uses printf to format the labels.
If hash_format is f'' (the default), then the value of a
hash label is printed with

printf("%.*f", precision, value).

Other valid hash_format values are G'', g'', E'', and
e''.  G'' is a good generic format which converts to
scientific notation if the value becomes too big or too small.
If the precision is negative, then jgraph chooses a default:  For
g'' and G'', the default is 6.  For e'' and E'', the
default is 0, and for f'', jgraph tries to determine a
complete description of how it formats floating point numbers.

label
Edit the label of this axis (see LABEL EDITING COMMANDS). By
default, the label is in font Times-Bold'', and has a font
size of 10.  If the user doesn't change any of the plotting
attributes of the label, jgraph chooses an appropriate place
for the axis label.

draw_at [float]
Draw the axis line at this point on the other axis. The
default is usually the other axis's min, however if
hash_scale is positive (see hash_scale under ADVANCED AXIS
EDITING), it will be the other axis's max.

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

nodraw
Do not draw the axis, the hash marks or any labels.  This is
useful for plotting points with no axes, and for overlaying
graphs on top of one another with no clashes.  This is
equivalent to no_draw_axis, no_draw_axis_label,
no_draw_hash_marks, and no_draw_hash_labels.

draw Cancels the effect of nodraw. Default = draw.  This is
equivalent to draw_axis, draw_axis_label, draw_hash_marks,
and draw_hash_labels.

grid_lines
no_grid_lines
Grid_lines specifies to plot a grid line at each major hash
mark on this axis.  The default is no_grid_lines.

mgrid_lines
no_mgrid_lines
Mgrid_lines specifies to plot a grid line at each minor hash
mark on this axis.  The default is no_mgrid_lines.

CURVE EDITING COMMANDS
These commands act on the current curve as chosen by newcurve or
curve (see GRAPH EDITING COMMANDS).  Curve editing terminates
when a graph or top-level command is given.

pts [{float} {float}]*
This sets the points to plot in this curve.  The first float
is the x value, and the second float is the y value of the
point.  Points are plotted in the order specified.  This
command stops reading points when a non-float is given.  The
user can specify this command multiple times within a curve
-- each time, simply more points are added to the curve.

x_epts [{float} {float} {float} {float}]*
y_epts [{float} {float} {float} {float}]*
This allows the user to specify points and confidence
values'' (otherwise known as error bars'').  The first two
floats specify the x and y values of the point, as above.
If x_epts is specified,  then the second two floats specify
range or confidence values for the x value of the point.
Error bars will be printed to each of these x values (using
the original point's y value) from the original point.
Similarly, y_epts specifies range or confidence values for
the y value of the point.  pts x_epts and y_epts can all be
intermixed.

marktype
This sets the kind of mark that is plotted for this curve.
Valid marks are: circle, box, diamond, triangle, x, cross,
ellipse, xbar, ybar, text, postscript, eps, none, and

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

variants of general.  Most of these are self-explanatory,
except for the last few:
Xbar makes the curve into a bar graph with the bars going
to the x axis.  Ybar has the bars going to the y axis.
Text lets the user plot text instead of a mark.  The text
is editted as a label (see LABEL EDITING COMMANDS)
immediately following the text command.  The x and y fields
of the label have special meanings here:  They define where
the label is to be printed in relation to the curve points.
For example, if they are both 0, the label will be printed
directly on the curve points.  If x is 1.0 and y is -1.0,
then the label will be printed one unit to the right and one
unit below the curve points (units are units of the x and y
axes).  Default label values are 0 for x and y, and center
justification.
Postscript: See the postscript token below.
Eps: See the eps token below.
None means that no mark will be plotted (this is useful
for drawing lines).
There are four types of general marks, which work using
the gmarks command described below.  The four marktypes are
general, general_nf, general_bez, and general_bez_nf.
By default, a new mark is chosen for each curve.

marksize [float] [float]
This sets the size of the mark.  The first [float] is the
width of the mark, and the second is the height. Units are
those of the x and y axes respectively, unless that axis is
logarithmic, in which case the units are inches.  Negative
marksizes are allowed (e.g.  a negative height will flip a
triangle mark). The default mark size can be determined
using the -p option of jgraph

mrotate [float]
This allows the user to rotate the mark [float] degrees.
Default is zero.

gray [float]
color [float float float]
These specify either the grayness of the curve or its color.
Values for gray should be from 0 (black) to 1 (white).
Values for color should also be from 0 to 1.  They are RGB
values, and thus define the amount of red, green and blue in
the curve respectively.  Specifying color nullifies the gray
value, and vice versa.  The default is gray 0

fill [float]
cfill [float float float]
This sets the filling of marks which define an area to fill
(e.g.  box, circle, xbar). fill defines a gray value, and
cfill defines a color value (see gray and color above for a

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

description of the units).  The default is fill 0 (black).

pattern token [float]
This defines the how the mark is to be filled.  Token may be
solid (the default), stripe, or estripe.  If solid, then the
float is ignored, and the mark is completely filled in with
either the gray value defined by fill or the color value
defined by cfill.  If stripe, then the mark will be filled
with stripes of either the gray value defined by fill or the
color defined by cfill.  The stripes will be rotated by
float degrees.  Estripe differs from stripe only in that
stripe draws stripes on a white background, while estripe
simply draws the stripes on an empty background.

poly
nopoly
pfill [float]
pcfill [float float float]
ppattern token [float]
Poly allows the user to make jgraph treat the curve as a
closed polygon (or in the case of a bezier, a closed bezier
curve).  pfill, pcfill and ppattern  specify the filling of
the polygon, and work like fill, cfill and pattern above.
The default is nopoly.

gmarks [{float} {float}]*
Gmarks is a way for the user to define custom marks.  For
each mark on (x,y), Each pair of {float_x}, {float_y}, will
define a point on the mark (x + (float_x * marksize_x / 2),
y + (float_y * marksize_y / 2)).
Thus, for example, the box mark could be defined as

gmarks -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1
marktype general

The marktypes general, general_nf, general_bez, and
general_bez_nf, allow the gmarks points to define a closed
polygon, a line, a closed bezier curve and a regular bezier curve
respectively (the nf'' stands for non-filled'').

postscript : {string}
postscript {token}
This allows the user to enter direct postscript as a mark.
It automatically sets the marktype to postscript.  If a
string is entered, then that string is used as the mark in
the jgraph output.  If a token is entered, then that token
must stand for a filename, which will be copied to the
output once for every mark.  The postscript will be set up
so that when the string or file is put to the output, (0, 0)
of the the axes is in the middle of the mark, it is rotated
by mrotate degrees, and scaled by (marksize_x / 2),

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

marksize_y / 2).  Thus, the box mark could be defined as:

postscript : 1 setlinewidth -1 -1 moveto -1 1 lineto \
1 1 lineto 1 -1 lineto -1 -1 lineto stroke

If the marksize_x is defined to be (0, 0), then jgraph does no
scaling.  This is useful when the postscript has strings, and the
user does not want the strings to be scaled.

eps {token}
This allows the user to include an encapsulated postscript
file and treat it as a mark.  It automatically sets the
marktype to eps.  The file will be scaled so that the
bounding box is marksize units.  Among other things, this
allows the user to include whole jgraph files as marks.
below for an example of this feature.

larrows
rarrows
nolarrows
norarrows
Rarrows specifies to draw an arrow at the end of every line
segment in the curve. Larrows specifies to draw an arrow at
the beginning of every line segment.  The size of the arrows
can be changed by using asize.  The default is nolarrows and
norarrows.
Arrows always go exactly to the point specified, with the
exception of when the marktype is circle''.  In this case,
the arrow goes to the edge of the circle.

larrow
rarrow
nolarrow
norarrow
This is analgous to the above, except that with larrow, the
only arrow drawn is to the beginning of the first segment in
the curve, and with rarrow, the only arrow drawn is to the
end of the last segment.

asize [float] [float]
This sets the size of the arrows.  The first [float]
controls the arrow's width.  Its units are those of the x-
axis.  The second [float] controls the arrow's height.  It
is in the units of the y-axis.  Use the -p option of jgraph
to see the default values.

afill [float]
afill [float]
apattern token [float]
These control the grayness or color of arrowheads. Afill,

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

acfill and apattern work in the same way as fill, cfill and
pattern described above.  The default is afill 0 (black).

linetype [token]
This defines the type of the line connecting the points.
Valid entries are solid, dotted, dashed, longdash, dotdash,
dotdotdash, dotdotdashdash, general, and none.  The default
is none.  General lets the user define his own linetype
using the glines command described below.  Points are
connected in the order in which they are inserted using the
pts command.

glines [float]*
This lets the user specify the exact dashing of a line.  The
format is as in postscript -- the first number is the length
of the first dash, the second is the length of the space
after the first dash, etc.  For example, dotdash could be
defined as glines 5 3 1 3''.

linethickness [float]
This defines the line thickness (in absolute postscript
units) of the connecting line.  Default = 1.0.

bezier
nobezier
Bezier specifies to use the curve's points to define
successive bezier curves.  The first point is the starting
point.  The next two are control points for the bezier curve
and the next point is the ending point.  If there is another
bezier, this ending point is also the beginning point of the
next curve.  The next two points are again control points,
and the next point is the ending point.  Thus, a bezier must
have a total of (3n + 1) points, where n is at least 1.
In bezier curves, marks and arrows only apply to every
third point.  Nobezier is the default.

clip This specifies that this curve will be clipped -- that is,
no points outside of the of axes will be plotted.

noclip
This turns off clipping.  If clipping was specified for the
entire graph, then noclip has no effect.  Noclip is the
default.

label
This edits the label of this curve for the purposed of
drawing a legend.  (see LABEL EDITING COMMANDS and LEGEND
EDITING COMMANDS).  Unless the legend entry is custom,
setting any label attribute except for the text itself will
have no effect.

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

LABEL EDITING COMMANDS
The following commands are used for editing labels.  Unless
stated otherwise, the defaults are written with each command.
Label editing terminates when one of these tokens is not given.

: {string}
This sets the string of the label.  If no string is set, the
label will not be printed.

x [float]
y [float]
This sets the x or y coordinate of the label.  Units are the
units of the x and y axes respectively.

font [token]
This sets the font.  Default is usually Times-Roman''.

fontsize [float]
This sets the fontsize in points.  Default is usually 9.

linesep [float]
This sets the distance between lines in multilined labels.
Units are points.  The default is the fontsize.

hjl
hjc
hjr  These set the horizontal justification to left, center, and
right, respectively.  Default = hjc.

vjt
vjc
vjb  These set the vertical justification to top center, and
bottom, respectively.  Default = vjb.

rotate [float]
This will rotate the string [float] degrees.  The point of
rotation is defined by the vj and hj commands.  For example,
to rotate 90 degrees about the center of a string, one would
use vjc hjc rotate 90.

lgray [float]
lcolor [float float float]
These control the color or the grayness of the label.  It
works just as gray and color do for curves and axes.  The
default depends on the context.  For example, for strings
and the title, the default is black.  For axis labels and
hash labels, the default is the color of the axis.  For text
as marks, the default is the curve color.

LEGEND EDITING COMMANDS
These commands allow the user to alter the appearance of the

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

legend.  Legends are printed out for each curve having a non-null
label.  The legend entries are printed out in the order of
ascending curve numbers.  Legend editing terminates when a graph
command or top level command is issued.

In earlier versions of jgraph (before version 8.0), the
characteristics of each legend entry were set in the label
portion of the entry's curve.  Thus, for example, if you wanted
each entry's fontsize to be 18, you had to set it in each entry's
curve.  Now, default legend entry characteristics are set using
the defaults keyword.  Unless a custom legend is specified, these
default values override any values set in the entry's curve.
Thus, to get all entries to have a fontsize of 18, it must be set
using defaults fontsize 18.

If legend editing seems cryptic, try the following example:

newgraph
newcurve marktype box linetype solid label : Solid box
pts 0 0 1 1 2 1 3 1
newcurve marktype circle linetype dotted label : Dotted circle
pts 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 2
newcurve marktype x linetype dashed label : Dashed x
pts 0 2 1 3 2 3 3 3
legend defaults
font Times-Italic fontsize 14 x 1.5 y 3.5 hjc vjb

The legend of this graph should be centered over the top of the graph,
and all legend entries should be 14pt Times-Italic.

on
offR These turn printing of the legend on and off.  The default
is on (but, of course, if there are no curve labels defined,
there will be no legend).

linelength [float]
This sets the length of the line printed in front of legend
entries corresponding to curves which have lines. Units are
those of the x axis, unless the x axis is logarithmic, in
which case the units are inches.  The default may be gotten
using the -p option.

linebreak [float]
This sets the vertical distance between individual legend
entries.  Units are those of the y axis, unless the y axis
is logarithmic, in which case the units are inches.  The
default may be gotten using the -p option.

midspace [float]
This sets one of two things.  If any of the legend entries
have lines in them, then this sets the distance between the

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

end of the line and the legend entry text.  Otherwise, this
sets the distance between center of the mark and the legend
entry text.  Units are those of the x axis, unless the x
axis is logarithmic, in which case the units are inches.
The default may be gotten using the -p option.

defaults
This lets the user change the attributes of all legend
entries.  The defaults are editted as a label (see LABEL
EDITING COMMANDS).  A few of the label fields have special
meanings:  The : field is ignored.  The x and y fields
define where the label will be printed.  The hj and vj
fields define the justification of the legend about the x
and y point.  Thus, if x is 10 and y is 15, and hjc  vjb are
specified, then the legend will be centered horizontally
about x=10, and the bottom of the legend will be placed on
y=15.  This is analagous to label plotting.  The rotate
field is also analagous to label plotting.

Defaults are as follows.  Rotate is 0.  font is Times-
Roman'' and fontsize is 9.  The color is black.  Default
justification is hjl and vjc.  The default x and y values
are set according to the hj and vj fields.  See the -p
option.

left
right
These will automatically produce a legend to the left or the
right of the graph. Left is equivalent to defaults hjr vjc
and right is equivalent to defaults hjl vjc.

top
bottom
These will automatically produce a legend on the top or the
bottom of the graph. Top is equivalent to defaults hjl vjb
and bottom is equivalent to defaults hjl vjt.

x [float]
y [float]
These are included mainly for backward compatability to
earlier versions of jgraph.  Setting x and y is equivalent
to defaults x float y float hjl vjt''

custom
This lets the user control where each individual legend
entry goes.  The values of the defaults fields are ignored,
and instead, the values of the curve's labels are used.  All
justifications have defined results, except for hjc.
Similarly, rotation other than 0 is likely to produce bad
effects.

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

These are more advanced commands for editing an axis.  This
includes drawing explicit hash marks and labels, moving the hash
marks, axes, and labels, not drawing the hash marks, labels,
axes, etc.

gray [float]
color [float float float]
These specify either the grayness of the axis or its color.
Values for gray should be from 0 (black) to 1 (white).
Values for color should also be from 0 to 1.  They are RGB
values, and thus define the amount of red, green and blue in
the axis respectively.  Specifying color nullifies the gray
value, and vice versa.  The default is gray 0.  These values
affect every part of the axis:  the label, the hash marks
and labels, the axis line and the grid lines.

grid_gray [float]
grid_color [float float float]
mgrid_gray [float]
mgrid_color [float float float]
These allow the user to define the grayness or color of the
gridlines and the mgridlines to be different from those of
the axis lines.  The default grid_gray and grid_color is the
same as the axis's gray and color.  The default mgrid_gray
and mgrid_color is the same as grid_gray and grid_color.

hash_at [float]
Draw a hash mark at this point.  No label is made for this
hash mark.

mhash_at [float]
Draw a minor hash mark at this point.

hash_label
Edit a hash label (see HASH LABEL EDITING COMMANDS).

hash_labels
Edit the default characteristics of the hash labels. This is
so that the user can change the fontsize, justification,
etc., of the hash labels.  Editing hash_labels is just like
editing normal labels (see LABEL EDITING COMMANDS), except
that the :, x, and y values are all ignored. Defaults for
hash labels are as follows: Fontsize=9, Font=Times-
Roman'', Justification is dependent on whether it is the x
or y axis and whether hash_scale is positive or negative.

hash_scale [float]
This is to change the size and orientation of the hash
marks.  Default = -1.0.  Changing this to -2.0 will double
the length of the hash marks.  Changing this to +1.0 will

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

make the hash marks come above or to the right of the axis.

draw_hash_marks_at [float]
By default, the hash marks are drawn either above or below
the axis.  This command changes where they are drawn.
Hash_scale still determines whether they are drawn above or
below this point, and their size.

draw_hash_labels_at [float]
By default, the hash labels are drawn either above or below
the hash marks (again, this is dependent on hash_scale).
This command changes where they are drawn. Justification and
fontsize, etc., can be changed with the hash_labels command.

auto_hash_marks
no_auto_hash_marks
This toggles whether or not jgraph will automatically create
hash marks according to hash, mhash and shash (or log_base
and mhash for logarithmic axes). The default is
auto_hash_marks.

auto_hash_labels
no_auto_hash_labels
This toggles whether or not jgraph will automatically create
hash labels for the auto_hash_marks.  Default =
auto_hash_labels.

draw_axis
no_draw_axis
This toggles whether or not the axis line is drawn.  Default
= draw_axis.

draw_axis_label
no_draw_axis_label
This toggles whether or not the axis label (as editted by
the label command) is drawn.  Default = draw_axis_label.

draw_hash_marks
no_draw_hash_marks
This toggles whether or not the hash marks (both automatic
and those created with hash_at and mhash_at) are drawn.
Default = draw_hash_marks.

draw_hash_labels
no_draw_hash_labels
This toggles whether or not the hash labels are drawn.
Default = draw_hash_labels.

HASH LABEL EDITING COMMANDS
Hash labels are simply strings printed along the appropriate
axis.  As a default, they are printed at the place denoted by the

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

most recent hash_at or mhash_at for this axis, but this can be
changed by the at command.  If there has been no hash_at or
mhash_at, then an at command must be given, or there will be an
error.  Hash editing terminates when either one of these commands
is not given.

: {string}
This sets the string of the hash label (see Strings above
under THE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE).

at [float]
This sets the location of the hash label along the current
axis.

FUNCTION PLOTTING AND OTHER NON-INHERENT FEATURES
Although jgraph doesn't have any built-in functions for interpolation
or function plotting, both can be effected in jgraph with a little
outside help:

Function plotting
With the include and shell statement, it's easy to create a file
of points of a function with a c or awk program, and include it
into a graph.  See the section HINTS AND EXAMPLE GRAPHS for an
example of a sin graph produced in this manner.

Point interpolation
Point interpolation is essentially the same as function plotting,
and therefore is left out of jgraph. The UNIX spline(1) routine
is a simple way to get interpolation between points.  See
bailey.jgr described below.  Maybe in a future release.

HINTS AND EXAMPLE GRAPHS
Jgraph should be able to draw any kind of scatter/line/bar graph that
a user desires.  To embellish the graph with extra text, axes, lines,
etc., it is helpful to use copygraph.  The following example graphs
show a few examples of different features of jgraph.  They should be
in the directory JGRAPH_DIR.

- acc.jgr is a simple bar graph.  Acc.tex is also included to show how
one can include the output of jgraph in a LaTeX file.  To get this to
work, you might have to substitute the entire pathname of the file
acc.jps in the acc.tex file.

- g8.jgr is a simple graph with some plotted text.  - g8col.jgr shows
how to produce a color background -- it is
the same as g8.jgr only all on a yellow background.  - ebars.jgr is
a simple graph with error bars.  - sin.jgr shows how a sin function
can be plotted using a simple c program to produce the sin wave.
Moreover, this file shows a use of copygraph to plot an extra x and y
axis at the 0 point.

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

- sin1.jgr is a further extension of sin.jgr only with one x and y
axis at 0, but with the axis labels at the left and the bottom of the
graph.

- sin2.jgr is a different sin wave with a logarithmic x axis.

- sin3.jgr shows how a bizarre effect can be gotten by sorting the
points in a different manner.

- bailey.jgr shows how to use the UNIX spline(1) routine to get
interpolation between points.

- gpaper.jgr shows how you can get jgraph to easily produce graph
paper.

- g9n10.jgr contains two graphs with complicated legends.  It contains
a description of how the legend was created.

- ex1.jgr and ex2.jgr are two examples which were figures 1 and two in
an extended abstract for a paper about jgraph.

- mab2.jgr is a graph created by Matt Blaze which shows how a
complicated output graph can be quite concisely and simply stated.  In
this graph, the x axis is a time line.  It shows usage of the
hash_label and hash_labels commands, as well as displaying how jgraph
lets you extract data from output files with awk.

- nr.jgr is an example of a rather complicated bar graph with stripe-
filled bars.  It was created by Norman Ramsey.

- hypercube.jgr shows an interesting use of jgraph for picture-
drawing.

- ad.jgr is an example which shows how one can include jgraph output
as jgraph input.  The file uses the eps token to include cube.jgr, a
jgraph drawing of an Intel hypercube, and disk.jgr, a jgraph drawing
of a disk, in a picture.

- alb.jgr is another use of jgraph for picture drawing.  This file was
created by an awk script which Adam Buchsbaum wrote to draw trees and
graphs.

- wortman.jgr is a neat graph of processor utilization written by Dave
Wortman for SIGPLAN '92.  It was created by an awk script, which
processed the data and emitted the jgraph.

To view these graphs, use jgraph -P, and view the resulting output
file with gs, or a similar postscript viewer.  To make a hard copy of
these graphs, pipe the output of jgraph -P directly to lpr.

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

USING JGRAPH TO DRAW PICTURES
As hypercube.jgr and alb.jgr show, jgraph can be used as a postscript
preprocessor to make drawings.  There are two advantages using jgraph
to draw pictures instead of using standard drawing tools like xfig,
figtool, or idraw.  The first is that with jgraph, you know exactly
where strings, lines, boxes, etc, will end up, because you plot them
explicitly.  The second advantage is that for iterative drawings, with
lots of patters, you can combine jgraph with awk or c or any other
programming language to get complex output in a simple way.  Most
what-you-see-is-what-you-get (WYSIWYG) drawing tools cannot do this.

The major disadvantage of using jgraph to draw pictures is that jgraph
is not WYSIWYG.  You have to set up axes and plot points, lines and
strings.  It's all a matter of taste.

If you'd like to see some more complex pictures drawn with jgraph, as
well as some hints to make picture-drawing easier, send me email
(jsp@princeton.edu).

EMBEDDING THE OUTPUT IN LATEX
into LaTeX has been as follows:

1.  Toward the beginning of my LaTeX file, I've had \input{psfig}''
2.  Where I've wanted my file, I've put:

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=<path-name>/<filename-of-jgraph-output>}}
\end{figure}

Some versions of dvips or dvi2ps work without the path-name.  Others
require that the path-name be present.

3.  After running latex on the file, do

lpr -d file.dvi

4.  If that doesn't work, try dvips-ing the file and printing the postscript.

BUGS
Logarithmic axes cannot contain points <= 0.  If I have enough
complaints to convince me that this is a bug, I'll try to fix it.

There is no real way to make the axes such that they decrease from
left to right or low to high -- or at least not without writing your
own hash labels.

There may well be loads of other bugs.  Send to jsp@princeton.edu.

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jgraph(1)                                                         jgraph(1)

This is $Revision: 8.3$.

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