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 PROJ(1)                                         PROJ(1)
                   2000/03/21 Rel. 4.4



 NAME
      proj - forward cartographic projection filter
      invproj - inverse cartographic projection filter

 SYNOPSIS
      proj [ -bceEfiIlmorsStTvVwW [ args ] ] [ +args ] file[s]
      invproj [ -bceEfiIlmorsStTwW [ args ] ] [ +args ] file[s]

 DESCRIPTION
      Proj and invproj perform respective forward and inverse transformation
      of cartographic data to or from cartesian data with a wide range of
      selectable projection functions.

      The following control parameters can appear in any order:

      -b   Special option for binary coordinate data input and output
           through standard input and standard output.  Data is assumed to
           be in system type double floating point words.  This option is to
           be used when proj is a son process and allows bypassing
           formatting operations.

      -i   Selects binary input only (see -b option).

      -I   alternate method to specify inverse projection.  Redundant when
           used with invproj.

      -o   Selects binary output only (see -b option).

      -ta  A specifies a character employed as the first character to denote
           a control line to be passed through without processing.  This
           option applicable to ascii input only.  (# is the default value).

      -e string
           String is an arbitrary string to be output if an error is
           detected during data transformations.  The default value is:
           *\t*.  Note that if the -b, -i or -o options are employed, an
           error is returned as HUGE_VAL value for both return values.

      -E   causes the input coordinates to be copied to the output line
           prior to printing the converted values.

      -l[p|P|=|e|u|d]id
           List projection identifiers with -l, -lp or -lP (expanded) that
           can be selected with +proj. -l=id gives expanded description of
           projection id. List ellipsoid identifiers with -le, that can be
           selected with +ellps, -lu list of cartesian to meter conversion
           factors that can be selected with +units or -ld list of datums
           that can be selected with +datum.

      -r   This options reverses the order of the expected input from
           longitude-latitude or x-y to latitude-longitude or y-x.



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 PROJ(1)                                                             PROJ(1)
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      -s   This options reverses the order of the output from x-y or
           longitude-latitude to y-x or latitude-longitude.

      -S   Causes estimation of meridinal and parallel scale factors, area
           scale factor and angular distortion, and maximum and minimum
           scale factors to be listed between <> for each input point.  For
           conformal projections meridinal and parallel scales factors will
           be equal and angular distortion zero.  Equal area projections
           will have an area factor of 1.

      -m mult
           The cartesian data may be scaled by the mult parameter.  When
           processing data in a forward projection mode the cartesian output
           values are multiplied by mult otherwise the input cartesian
           values are divided by mult before inverse projection.  If the
           first two characters of mult are 1/ or 1: then the reciprocal
           value of mult is employed.

      -f format
           Format is a printf format string to control the form of the
           output values.  For inverse projections, the output will be in
           degrees when this option is employed.  The default format is
           "%.2f" for forward projection and DMS for inverse.

      -[w|W]n
           N is the number of significant fractional digits to employ for
           seconds output (when the option is not specified, -w3 is
           assumed).  When -W is employed the fields will be constant width
           and with leading zeroes.

      -v   causes a listing of cartographic control parameters tested for
           and used by the program to be printed prior to input data.
           Should not be used with the -T option.

      -V   This option causes an expanded annotated listing of the
           characteristics of the projected point.  -v is implied with this
           option.

      -T ulow,uhi,vlow,vhi,res[,umax,vmax]
           This option creates a set of bivariate Chebyshev polynomial
           coefficients that approximate the selected cartographic
           projection on stdout. The values low and hi denote the range of
           the input where the u or v prefixes apply to respective
           longitude-x or latitude-y depending upon whether a forward or
           inverse projection is selected.  Res is an integer number
           specifying the power of 10 precision of the approximation.  For
           example, a res of -3 specifies an approximation with an accuracy
           better than .001.  Umax, and vmax specify maximum degree of the
           polynomials (default: 15).  See also: fproj(1).





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 PROJ(1)                                                             PROJ(1)
                             2000/03/21 Rel. 4.4



      The +args run-line arguments are associated with cartographic
      parameters and usage varies with projection and for a complete
      description see Cartographic Projection Procedures for the UNIX
      Environment-A User's Manual ) and supplementary documentation for
      Release 4.

      Additional projection control parameters may be contained in two
      auxiliary control files: the first is optionally referenced with the
      +init=file:id and the second is always processed after the name of the
      projection has been established from either the run-line or the
      contents of +init file.  The environment parameter PROJ_LIB
      establishes the default directory for a file reference without an
      absolute path.  This is also used for supporting files like datum
      shift files.

      One or more files (processed in left to right order) specify the
      source of data to be transformed.  A - will specify the location of
      processing standard input.  If no files are specified, the input is
      assumed to be from stdin. For ASCII input data the two data values
      must be in the first two white space separated fields and when both
      input and output are ASCII all trailing portions of the input line are
      appended to the output line.

      Input geographic data (longitude and latitude) must be in DMS format
      and input cartesian data must be in units consistent with the
      ellipsoid major axis or sphere radius units.  Output geographic
      coordinates will be in DMS (if the -w switch is not employed) and
      precise to 0.001" with trailing, zero-valued minute-second fields
      deleted.

 EXAMPLE
      The following script
            proj +proj=utm +lon_0=112w +ellps=clrk66 -r <<EOF
            45d15'33.1"   111.5W
            45d15.551666667N   -111d30
            +45.25919444444    111d30'000w
            EOF
      will perform UTM forward projection with a standard UTM central
      meridian nearest longitude 112oW.  The geographic values of this
      example are equivalent and meant as examples of various forms of DMS
      input.  The x-y output data will appear as three lines of:
            460769.27     5011648.45

 OTHER PROGRAMS
      The proj program is limited to converting between geographic and
      projection coordinates within one datum.

      The cs2cs program operates similarly, but allows translation between
      any pair of definable coordinate systems, including support for datum
      translation.




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 PROJ(1)                                                             PROJ(1)
                             2000/03/21 Rel. 4.4



      The nad2nad program provides for translation between NAD27 and NAD83
      (also available in cs2cs) in a convenient manner.

      The geod program provides the ability to compute geodesic (Great
      Circle) computations.

 SEE ALSO
      cs2cs(1U), nad2nad(1U), geod(1U), pj_init(3U),
      Cartographic Projection Procedures for the UNIX Environment-A User's
      Manual, (Evenden, 1990, Open-file report 90-284).
      Map Projections Used by the U. S. Geological Survey (Snyder, 1984,
      USGS Bulletin 1532).
      Map Projections-A Working Manual (Snyder, 1988, USGS Prof. Paper
      1395).
      An Album of Map Projections (Snyder & Voxland, 1989, USGS Prof. Paper
      1453).

 HOME PAGE
      http://www.remotesensing.org/proj



































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