HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
NAME
html-pretty - prettyprint HTML and SGML files
SYNOPSIS
html-pretty [ -? ] [ -author ] [ -blank-line-warning ]
[ -brief ] [ -catalogfile filename ]
[ -check-tag-nesting ] [ -comment-banner ]
[ -convert-paragraph-breaks ]
[ -copyright ] [ -email-address user@hostname ]
[ -extend-style 'style: TAG TAG ...' ]
[ -extend-style 'TAG: TAG TAG ...' ]
[ -file filename ] [ -grammar-level grammar ]
[ -help ] [ -indent nnn ] [ -keep-format ]
[ -logfile filename ] [ -no-blank-line-warning ]
[ -no-brief ] [ -no-check-tag-nesting ]
[ -no-comment-banner ]
[ -no-convert-paragraph-breaks ]
[ -no-keep-format ] [ -no-print-stylefile ]
[ -no-quiet ] [ -no-read-stylefiles ]
[ -no-trace-opens ] [ -no-unknown-tag-warning ]
[ -no-warnings-in-comments ]
[ -outfile filename ] [ -personal-name name ]
[ -print-stylefile ] [ -quiet ]
[ -read-stylefiles ] [ -stylefile filename ]
[ -trace-opens ] [ -unknown-tag-warning ]
[ -version ] [ -warnings-in-comments ]
[ -width nnn ]
[ < infile or file(s) ] [ > outfile ]
DESCRIPTION
html-pretty filters its HTML or SGML input from stdin, or from one or
more named files given on the command line, and prettyprints it to
stdout, standardizing the spacing, and providing indentation to expose
the document structure.
When its input is just a plain text file in the ASCII or ISO 8859-1
character sets, a major part of the conversion of text to
grammatically-correct HTML can be done automatically, especially if
the -convert-paragraph-breaks option is used. Section headings,
verbatim, and tabular material will, however, require manual editing.
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the language used to specify
formatting instructions in text files intended for viewing with
World-Wide Web (WWW) client programs (browsers), such as amaya(1),
arena(1), chimera(1), grail(1), hotjava(1), jde(1), lynx(1),
netscape(1), panorama(1), and xmosaic(1).
The WWW idea began in late 1992, and because viewer programs support
display of text, line drawings, color raster images, hypertext links,
and uniform access to several Internet services, including file
transfer, in the first two years, the number of WWW servers grew from
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zero to several hundred thousand, and some of the more popular sites
receive up to twenty-five million accesses a day from all over the
Internet. Consequently, many Internet computer users are beginning to
write HTML documents for their own home pages, and html-pretty is
written for them.
The goal of a prettyprinter is to recognize all legal inputs, and
produce output that is indented to reflect the structure, and in which
line lengths have been restricted for improved readability.
Irregularities in coding practice, and outright errors, are more
likely to be detected in the prettyprinted output, than in the input.
SGML (Standard General Markup Language, ISO 8879), and its particular
document type definition instance, HTML, follow a rigorous grammar for
text markup that makes it possible to clearly identify document parts,
such as headings, sections, subsections, paragraphs, figures, tables,
equations, and so on, and files with such standardized markup are
particularly good candidates for prettyprinting.
The definition of HTML is still evolving. Version 2.0 (Fall 1994) is
implemented by almost all browsers. Version 3.0, informally called
HTML Plus, was introduced in March, 1995, and the arena(1) browser was
developed at the World-Wide Web Consortium, W3C, to serve as a testbed
for it.
Although Version 3.0 is a superset of version 2.0, it proved too
difficult for browser implementors to incorporate support for it in a
reasonable time, and it was withdrawn in Fall, 1996. Version 3.2 was
released on 14 January 1997, but despite its higher version number, it
lacks many of the new features introduced in version 3.0, notably for
mathematical markup, but importantly, it does include support for
figures and tables. As with version 3.0, there is also a testbed
browser, this time called amaya(1), and augmented with the ability to
edit HTML files, providing a (simple-minded) WYSIWYG editor interface
that some users may find convenient for creating and maintaining HTML
files.
At the time of writing in Fall, 1997, only the amaya(1) and
netscape(1) browsers appear to have implemented all, or most, of HTML
3.2.
Further information about HTML versions 3.0 and 3.2 can be found on
the World-Wide Web at the Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/Wilbur/
http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html32.html
The next version of HTML, code-named Cougar, is under development, and
will become version 4.0 when it is finally released. The first draft
public release was on 8 July 1997, and a second proposed
recommendation followed on 7 November 1997. For details, visit URLs
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http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/Cougar/
http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-html40/
http://www.w3.org/TR/PR-html40/
Interestingly, translations of the version 4.0 specification to at
least 18 other human languages are in progress: see URLs
http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-html40/translations.html
http://www.w3.org/TR/PR-html40-971107/translations.html
html-pretty recognizes all HTML tags in the grammars of versions 1.0,
2.0, 3.0, 3.2, and proposed 4.0, plus a few vendor-specific
extensions.
One significant difference between the grammar versions is that the
HTML tag <P> is a paragraph separator in version 2.0, while it is a
paragraph begin in later versions, and consequently expects to have a
matching </P> paragraph end tag that is not required in 2.0. html-
pretty will supply missing </P> tags, and delete empty <P> ... </P>
environments. Since HTML translators ignore unknown tags, this is
transparent to HTML version 2.0 implementations, and causes no
problems.
html-pretty expects that its input is reasonably well-formed. Usually
it is sufficient that the file can be displayed by one or more WWW
browsers, producing the expected form. However, it would be unwise to
write a large amount of program code without a compiler to check it,
and it is similarly unwise to write documentation in HTML or SGML
without at least a validating parser to ensure that the text is
syntactically correct.
Fortunately, at least two such programs are publicly available (thanks
to the generosity of their author, James Clark), nsgmls(1) and
sgmls(1), together with UNIX shell scripts, html-check(1) and html-
ncheck(1), to facilitate their use with HTML files. In addition, the
nsgmls(1) distribution is accompanied by two SGML tag normalizers,
sgmlnorm(1) and spam(1), and there is a UNIX shell script, html-
spam(1), for one of them. You may therefore find it useful to apply
html-spam(1), and either html-check(1) or html-ncheck(1), to your HTML
files, and fix all of the errors that they detect, before filtering
the files with html-pretty.
HTML strictly requires a certain amount of boiler-plate to be wrapped
around the text, and there is ample evidence that most HTML files omit
these wrappers, because WWW browsers are written to be tolerant of
grammatical deviations. html-pretty will supply the wrappers if they
are omitted; indeed, if given an empty input file, html-pretty
produces output similar to this:
<!-- -*-html-*- -->
<!-- Prettyprinted by html-pretty flex version 1.00 [11-Nov-1997] -->
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<!-- on Tue Nov 11 16:23:39 1997 -->
<!-- for Nelson H. F. Beebe (beebe@plot79.math.utah.edu) -->
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
<!-- Please supply a descriptive title here -->
</TITLE>
<!-- Please supply a correct e-mail address here -->
<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:beebe@plot79.math.utah.edu">
</HEAD>
<BODY>
</BODY>
</HTML>
This example, minus the comments <!-- ... -->, shows the minimal
markup that should be expected in an HTML file, although the grammar
permits the HTML, HEAD and BODY environments to be implicitly assumed
if they are omitted. While most WWW browsers ignore the DOCTYPE
declaration, it is essential for SGML parsers, since it identifies the
grammar rules that apply to what follows. Two recent WWW browsers,
amaya(1) and panorama(1), are SGML-grammar based, and may require a
valid DOCTYPE declaration.
OPTIONS
Command-line options affect all following filenames. Option values
are always provided as separate arguments following the option name.
Letter case in option names is not significant, although it may be in
option values. Option names may be abbreviated to any unique leading
prefix, unless a shorter prefix is documented.
Any argument that begins with a hyphen is expected to be an option,
and will raise an error if it is not recognized. If a filename begins
with a hyphen, you therefore need to disguise it by supplying a
leading directory path. For example, ./-foo represents the file named
-foo in the current directory in UNIX.
GNU- and POSIX-style options of the form --name are also recognized:
they begin with two option prefix characters.
For every option -xxx that sets a Boolean flag to be acted upon later,
there is a corresponding -no-xxx option to override it. The negative
forms are normally not required, but are necessary to counteract
options set in a style file.
-author Show author information on stderr and quit after
processing any remaining command-line options that
precede the next command-line HTML file.
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-blank-line-warning
Unlike most word processing and typesetting systems,
and ordinary typewritten text, in HTML and SGML,
blank lines do not imply a paragraph break, except in
verbatim environments. You can select this option to
get warnings about such blank lines. They will be
reduced to a single blank line, leaving space for
later manual insertion of a <P> tag, if that was
indeed what was intended [default: -no-blank-line-
warning].
If you specify the -convert-paragraph-breaks option,
then this option will have no effect.
-brief Brief mode: exclude the standard boiler-plate wrapper
of !DOCTYPE, HTML, HEAD, and BODY tags [default:
-no-brief].
This option, in conjunction with -no-comment-banner,
is convenient for prettyprinting small fragments of
text, such as from inside a text editor. It can also
be used for portions of larger documents (e.g.,
chapters of a book) that are not in themselves
complete HTML files.
This option can be abbreviated to -b.
-catalogfile filename
Specify an alternate catalog file to override the
default one. See the CATALOG DIRECTORY section for
more details.
This option can be abbreviated to -c.
-check-tag-nesting
Use built-in tables, or tables from style files, of
tag-is-contained-in and tag-cannot-contain relations
to check that tags are properly nested. The rules
that govern this are very complex, and depend on the
grammar level chosen. The precise relations are
tabulated in the HTML GRAMMAR CONSTRAINTS section,
and the way they are provided to html-pretty is
described in the STYLE FILES section.
Because this option can lead to a large number of
warning messages when optional end tags are omitted,
the default is -no-check-tag-nesting.
Nevertheless, when a proper SGML parser, such as
html-check(1) or html-ncheck(1), is not available,
this option can be very helpful in diagnosing errors
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of tag usage.
-comment-banner Generate a leading comment banner containing the
prettyprinter version number and date, the current
date and time, and the personal name and email
address of the user who ran the prettyprinter
[default: -comment-banner].
-convert-paragraph-breaks
Convert paragraph breaks (sequences of one or more
blank or empty lines) to HTML <P> tags [default:
-no-convert-paragraph-breaks].
This option is intended for converting text files to
HTML; it should not be used when the input file is
already HTML, unless the intent really is to insert
explicit paragraph tags.
This option has no effect on blank lines inside
verbatim environments.
-copyright
-copyleft Show copyright information on stderr and quit after
processing any remaining command-line options that
precede the next command-line HTML file.
-email-address user@hostname
Supply an alternate electronic mail address to be
used in the comment banner and the LINK tag.
Otherwise, a default address is constructed from the
current user name and host name, when that
information is available from the operating system.
This option may also be spelled -e-mail-address,
since both e-mail and email are about equally common
abbreviations on the World-Wide Web.
-extend-style 'style: TAG TAG ...'
-extend-style 'TAG: TAG TAG ...'
These options, whose name can be abbreviated to just
-e, provide a quick command-line alternative to the
style file feature of the -stylefile option. They
permit you to augment the list of tags associated
with a particular formatting style class, or to add a
list of tags to the same class as an existing tag (to
avoid the need to know the style class names), but
only for the duration of the current process.
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Since a tag can belong to only a single style class
at one time, specification of existing tags with
these options effectively removes their old style
class association.
html-pretty distinguishes between the two cases by
looking up the first name in its tag table. If it is
entirely in uppercase, then it might be found there.
Otherwise, it is a style class name.
If the style class is not recognized, an error
message is issued with a list of the recognized class
names, and execution is terminated after processing
any remaining command-line options that precede the
next command-line HTML file. Thus, an option
-extend-style foo:bar' or -extend-style help=me' with
obviously incorrect class and tag names can be used
to coax a list of the valid ones from html-pretty; it
will respond with something like this:
:1:unknown style [foo] command [BAR] at line 0
in style source [command-line]
The recognized style classes are:
body doctype font head html
line-break link list list-header
list-item markup-declaration math
math-pair pair paragraph plaintext
public section short standalone
standalone-nocheck title verbatim
The output line width in this list is governed by the
-width option.
You can assign tags to the special style class name
default to make them unknown (and also, warned about,
if you supply the -unknown-tag-warning option), e.g.,
default:blink.
Because some operating systems do not allow embedded
spaces in command-line arguments, you can separate
the tags in the value string with a comma instead of
whitespace. Also, you can use an equals sign instead
of a colon after the first word. For example, the
value strings
font:A,MEDIUM
font=A,MEDIUM
'font = A MEDIUM'
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'font : A,,,,MEDIUM'
all assign tags A and MEDIUM to the font style class.
Incidentally, some people prefer A (anchor) tag pairs
to be treated this way, rather than their default of
being placed on separate lines, even though long
hypertext references in <A HREF="..."> make this
style hard to read.
For more information on this topic, see the STYLE
FILES section below.
-file filename Supply an alternate input filename for use in the
output comment banner. This overrides the actual
filename(s), and provides a way to name the output,
even when no named input file is available, because
standard input is redirected, or comes from a pipe.
-grammar-level grammar
Select a grammar level that in turn will select a
suitable style file. See the CATALOG DIRECTORY and
STYLE FILES sections for more details.
Lettercase is not significant in grammar-level names.
You can use this option, together with the -unknown-
tag-warning option, to help detect use of HTML tags
that are not part of the grammar. However, a better,
and grammatically rigorous, way to do this is to use
a validating SGML parser, such as those accessible
via the html-check(1) and html-ncheck(1) scripts.
The built-in default grammar level is a union of the
HTML grammar levels 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.2, and proposed
4.0, plus selected browser-vendor extensions.
A properly-installed html-pretty always supports at
least grammar levels 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.2, 4.0, plus
one named all which contains a union of all of the
grammar styles in the catalog directory. This will
be similar to the built-in default style, but may
differ from it in minor details, since it is easier
to augment the style file than it is to rebuild and
reinstall the software.
There is also a `grammar level' named dtd; it
augments the normal style rules with additional ones
for extra declarations and tags found in SGML and
HTML Document Type Definition (DTD) files.
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If you specify an incorrect grammar level, html-
pretty will display a message showing the available
levels, and then quit:
html-pretty -g foo
:1:could not find grammar level [foo] in
catalog file [/usr/local/share/lib/html-pretty/catalog]:
levels available: all dtd 2 2.0 3 3.0 3.2 4 4.0
If the style file has a public style class entry, the
output DOCTYPE declaration will use its value,
instead of a built-in default; see the STYLE FILES
section below for details.
Tip: if you want to find out the differences in the
sets of HTML tags accepted by two different grammar
versions, use this option with the -print-stylefile
and -width options like this:
html-pretty -w 0 -g 3.2 -p >foo.3.2
html-pretty -w 0 -g 4.0 -p >foo.4.0
diff foo.3.2 foo.4.0
The difference listing will show just those style
classes where the tag lists differ, since each class
will be complete on one (possibly long) line.
-help or -? Display brief usage information on stderr and quit
after processing any remaining command-line options
that precede the next command-line HTML file.
-indent nnn Set the number of spaces for each indentation level
[default: 4].
-keep-format Treat the input stream as verbatim text whose visual
format is to be exactly preserved. It will be
converted to the body of a preformatted HTML
environment, <PRE> ... </PRE>, and all characters
will be output unchanged, except for the four
characters `<', `>', `&', and `"', which will be
translated to SGML entities `<', `>', `&',
and either `"' or `&34;' (depending on the
grammar level), respectively.
This option is useful for converting non-HTML text to
HTML when the linebreaking and indentation are
already decided, such as preformatted tables, samples
of computer program input and output, and programming
language fragments.
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Horizontal tab characters are treated like spaces in
HTML, but most Web browsers will display text
containing tabs as if each tab caused blank fill up
to, and including, the next column which is a
multiple of eight, which is the conventional behavior
on many systems. The visual appearance is correct if
the text is displayed with a fixed-width font, but is
usually wrong with a proportionally-spaced font.
However, when asked to save the file as plain text,
some browsers will save text with tabs, and others
will save text with tabs expanded to spaces, thereby
preserving the original appearance. When the same
text is cut with the mouse and pasted into another
window, some browsers preserve tabs, and others
convert it to spaces. And even more confusingly, a
browser that converts tabs to spaces in a saved file
may leave tabs intact in cut-and-pasted text!
In most cases, tabs are not significant, but they are
for UNIX Makefiles, so if your text has significant
tabs, you should incorporate a warning that they will
likely be destroyed by the Web browser, and will need
to be restored manually, or with a pass through a
filter such as unexpand(1).
html-pretty always treats tabs as ordinary
characters, but if you want to be sure of correct
display of tabs according to the conventional blank-
fill rule, you should filter the input to html-pretty
using a tab expander such as expand(1).
For Fortran code containing tab characters, the
meaning of tabs is context sensitive, and you need to
use a Fortran-tab aware converter. There is no
standard UNIX utility to do this, although a local
emacs(1) editor function M-x detab-fortran will do
the job.
-logfile filename
Redirect warning and error messages from stderr to
the indicated filename. This option is provided for
user convenience on poorly-designed operating systems
(e.g., IBM PC DOS) that fail to provide for
redirection of stderr to a specified file.
This option can also be used for discarding messages,
with, e.g., on UNIX systems, -logfile /dev/null.
If the file cannot be opened for output, html-pretty
will terminate silently with a non-zero exit code,
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because the internal attempted redirection required
the closure of stderr, making it unavailable for
printing further error messages.
-no-blank-line-warning
Override an earlier -blank-line-warning option.
Unlike most word processing and typesetting systems,
and ordinary typewritten text, in HTML and SGML,
blank lines do not imply a paragraph break, except in
verbatim environments. html-pretty will therefore
normally silently reduce such blank lines to a single
space [default: -no-blank-line-warning].
If you specify the -convert-paragraph-breaks option,
then this option will have no effect.
-no-brief Override an earlier -brief option, so that the
standard wrapper !DOCTYPE, HTML, HEAD, and BODY tags
are generated [default: -no-brief].
-no-check-tag-nesting
Suppress checks for correct tag nesting [default:
-no-check-tag-nesting].
-no-comment-banner
Suppress generation of the default leading comment
banner.
This option can be abbreviated to -n, since it may be
used frequently [default: -comment-banner].
-no-convert-paragraph-breaks
Do not convert paragraph breaks (sequences of one or
more blank or empty lines) to HTML <P> tags [default:
-no-convert-paragraph-breaks]. Instead, unless the
-blank-line-warning option has been given, the empty
lines will be reduced to a single space.
-no-keep-format Override an earlier -keep-format option, and thus
permit reformatting of the input stream [default:
-no-keep-format ].
-no-print-stylefile
Override an earlier -print-stylefile option, and
therefore, do not terminate execution before
processing style files [default: -no-print-
stylefile].
-no-quiet Override an earlier -quiet option, to restore output
of warning messages on stderr [default: -no-quiet].
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-no-read-stylefiles
Suppress reading of the three default style files
(see the STYLE FILES section below) [default: -read-
stylefiles].
Style files implicitly specified with -grammar-level
options, or explicitly specified with -stylefile
options, will still be processed.
-no-trace-opens Override an earlier -trace-opens option, so that file
opening attempts are not traced on stderr [default:
-no-trace-opens].
-no-unknown-tag-warning
Override an earlier -unknown-tag-warning option, so
that unknown HTML tags will not elicit a warning
message [default: -no-unknown-tag-warning].
-no-warnings-in-comments
Override an earlier -warnings-in-comments option, so
that warning and error messages are written only to
stderr (which might have been redirected with the
-logfile option) [default: -no-warnings-in-comments].
-outfile filename
Redirect output from stdout to the indicated
filename. This option is provided for user
convenience on operating systems that fail to provide
for redirection of stdout to a specified file.
-personal-name name
Supply an alternate personal name string to be used
in the comment banner. Normally, the personal name
is determined via the current user name, when that
information is available from the operating system.
-print-stylefile Print a style file on stdout and quit after
processing any remaining command-line options that
precede the next command-line HTML file.
This option can be abbreviated to -p.
The output line width in the style file is governed
by the -width option described later.
Startup option files, and any preceding -extend-
style, -grammar-level, and -stylefile options will
already have been processed, and their changes will
be reflected in the output produced by this option.
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Use this option to find out how each recognized tag
is processed, and also to get a template style file
that you can customize. The style class names and
tag lists are ordered alphabetically for improved
readability. For more details, see the STYLE FILES
section below.
-quiet Suppress output of warning messages on stderr. Error
messages will, however, not be suppressed.
If you really want to discard error messages too,
then use the -logfile /dev/null option instead.
-read-stylefiles Override an earlier -no-read-stylefiles option, so
that the three standard style files (see the STYLE
FILES section below) are read [default: -read-
stylefiles].
-stylefile filename
Name a style file (see the STYLE FILES section below)
to augment html-pretty's built-in knowledge of HTML
tags. This option may be given more than once, if
multiple initialization files are needed.
-trace-opens Trace all file-opening attempts, with a one-line
message on stderr for each [default: -no-trace-
opens].
This option can be helpful in analyzing file access
failures, and in uncovering the location of default
style files and the catalog directory.
-unknown-tag-warning
Unknown HTML tags are always treated as ordinary
text, but with this option, you can request that a
warning be raised for each of them [default: -no-
unknown-tag-warning].
While this option is not a substitute for a
validating HTML parser, such as html-check(1) or
html-ncheck(1), it does provide a simple way to catch
use of non-standard tags. See the -extend-style
option for a way to catch specific tags.
-version Show version information on stderr and quit after
processing any remaining command-line options that
precede the next command-line HTML file.
-warnings-in-comments
Write warning and error messages as easily-
identifiable single-line HTML comments on stdout
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[default: -no-warnings-in-comments]. This may
facilitate correction of problems in the output file,
since the messages can be located by context, rather
than by line number in the input file.
Messages are always written to stderr as well (which
might have been redirected with the -logfile option,
or suppressed with the -quiet option).
-width nnn Set the maximum output line width [default: 72].
This limit may be exceeded if an excessively long
string without embedded spaces is encountered, and it
is ignored completely inside preformatted or verbatim
text.
If you set the line width to 0, it will be treated as
`infinite' (i.e., the largest representable integer).
If you set it to a very small value, e.g., 1, then
the output will have one word per line, which might
actually be useful on occasion!
This option can be abbreviated to -w.
FORMATTING CONVENTIONS
html-pretty groups HTML tags into collections of style classes. Tags
within a single style class receive similar formatting. The built-in
style-class tag-membership lists recognize a large collection of tags
from multiple grammar levels, and multiple browser vendor extensions,
but all of the built-in lists can be modified by the user, as
described in the -extend-style and -stylefile options above, and the
STYLE FILES section below.
The subsections which follow catalog the origins of the recognized
tags, and then describe the available style classes in alphabetical
order, listing their default tag members, and briefly sketching how
the tags are formatted.
Tags that are not explicitly named in these subsections, or in style
files that are read at run time, are treated as normal text, and have
no effect on the indentation or line breaking, other than their
contribution toward the line length limit.
Tags in the style classes doctype, line-break, math, plaintext, short,
standalone, and standalone-nocheck make up the set of HTML tags with
SGML content EMPTY, which means that end tags for them are forbidden.
html-pretty will issue warnings about such end tags, but will leave
their deletion to a human.
Recognized HTML Tags
HTML 2.0 contains the following 49 tags: A, ADDRESS, B, BASE,
BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BR, CITE, CODE, DD, DIR, DL, DT, EM, FORM, H1, H2,
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H3, H4, H5, H6, HEAD, HR, HTML, I, IMG, INPUT, ISINDEX, KBD, LI, LINK,
LISTING, MENU, META, NEXTID, OL, OPTION, P, PLAINTEXT, PRE, SAMP,
SELECT, STRONG, TEXTAREA, TITLE, TT, UL, VAR, and XMP.
HTML 3.0 augments the 2.0 grammar with 53 additional tags: ABBREV,
ABOVE, ACRONYM, ARRAY, ATOP, AU, BAR, BELOW, BIG, BOX, BQ, BT,
CAPTION, CHOOSE, CREDIT, DDOT, DEL, DFN, DIV, DOT, FIG, HAT, INS,
ITEM, LANG, LEFT, LH, MATH, NOTE, OF, OVER, OVERLAY, PERSON, PRE, Q,
RIGHT, ROOT, ROW, S, SMALL, SQRT, STYLE, SUB, SUP, T, TAB, TABLE, TD,
TH, TILDE, TR, U, and VEC.
These tags are identified by their occurrence in the html.dtd and
html-3.dtd document type definition files in lines like these:
<!ENTITY % font " TT | B | I ">
<!ENTITY % phrase "EM | STRONG | CODE | SAMP | KBD | VAR | CITE ">
<!ELEMENT (%font;|%phrase) - - (%text)+>
<!ELEMENT XMP - - %literal>
ENTITY declarations define text string substitutions, and ELEMENT
declarations define the tags recognized by the grammar.
HTML 3.2 introduced these 21 new tags: APPLET, AREA, BASEFONT, BIG,
CAPTION, CENTER, DFN, DIV, FILE, FONT, MAP, NUMBER, PARAM, SCRIPT,
SMALL, STRIKE, STYLE, SUB, SUP, TABLE, and U.
Proposed HTML 4.0 introduces these 15 new tags: BDO, BUTTON, COL,
COLGROUP, FIELDSET, FRAMESET, IFRAME, LABEL, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT,
OBJECT, SPAN, TBODY, TFOOT, and THEAD.
HTML Tag Omission
The HTML grammar permits certain end tags to be omitted, when their
implied position can be determined from the grammatical context. In
HTML 3.0, this includes the following tags: DD, DT, ITEM, LH, LI, OF,
OPTION, P, ROW, STYLE, and TR.
The HTML 3.2 grammar permits these end tags to be omitted: DD, DT,
INPUT, LI, OPTION, and P.
The HTML proposed 4.0 grammars permit these end tags to be omitted:
COLGROUP, DD, DT, LI, OPTION, P, PARAM, TFOOT, THEAD, and TR.
In all grammar versions, these tags never have end tags: AREA, BASE,
BR, FRAME, HR, IMG, INPUT, ISINDEX, LINK, META, NEXTID, PARAM, and
PLAINTEXT.
In version 3.0, BASEFONT takes an optional end tag, but in succeeding
versions, it must not have an end tag.
In version 3.0, STYLE takes an optional end tag, but in succeeding
versions, it must have an end tag.
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Supporting the tag-omission feature requires the ability to parse a
complete SGML grammar, which requires a great deal more code than
html-pretty provides. Consequently, html-pretty does not support
optional end tags; based on typical usage, they are expected to be
always present, or always absent, according to the rules given below.
Omitted end tags can be automatically supplied by an SGML tag
normalizer, such as sgmlnorm(1), spam(1), or html-spam(1).
html-pretty will warn about end tags that should not be present, based
on the tags' membership in those style classes that are known not to
have end tags. However, it will not delete them from the output
stream, because human judgment may be called for. See the HTML
GRAMMAR CONSTRAINTS section below for further details.
Style Class: body
The following HTML tag name must occur only once, with a begin/end
pair, often with substantial amounts of intervening text: BODY. The
begin/end tags are prettyprinted on separate lines, with their
enclosed text indented one level. However, the BODY environment must
occur after the HEAD environment, and one level inside the HTML
environment. html-pretty will supply this environment if needed,
unless the -brief option has suppressed it.
Style Class: comment
Short HTML comments are output inline, like normal text. Long ones,
and ones with embedded angle brackets, are prettyprinted on separate
lines. Their internal form is preserved exactly, without any line
wrapping, since they will often contain specially-formatted material.
Any whitespace between the final "--" and the closing angle bracket
will be eliminated, when possible.
Style Class: doctype
The following HTML tag name occurs only once, and should normally be
the first non-comment tag in a file: !DOCTYPE. html-pretty will
supply this tag if needed, unless the -brief option has suppressed it.
Strictly, this is not a tag, but rather a markup declaration, but
html-pretty treats it as a special tag, and outputs it verbatim while
checking for proper embedded comment balance. For more details, see
the COMMENTS IN HTML AND SGML section below.
Style Class: font
These HTML tag names occur in begin/end pairs, usually with smaller
amounts of enclosed material. They appear inline in the running text,
and do not alter indentation: ACRONYM, B, BIG, BLINK, BT, CODE, DFN,
EM, I, KBD, Q, REV, S, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, T, TT, U, and VAR.
Style Class: head
This HTML tag occurs in begin/end pairs, which are prettyprinted on
separate lines with enclosing text indented one level: HEAD. However,
this tag pair must occur only once in a file, and then only inside an
HTML environment, and before the BODY environment. html-pretty will
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supply this environment if needed, unless the -brief option has
suppressed it.
Style Class: html
This HTML tag occurs in begin/end pairs, which are prettyprinted on
separate lines with enclosing text indented one level: HTML. However,
this tag pair must occur only once in a file, and then only at the
outermost level. html-pretty will supply this environment if needed,
unless the -brief option has suppressed it.
Style Class: inline
Tags in this class are treated as ordinary text, with no additional
spacing requirements, or checks for enclosing environments.
Neither the default built-in style, nor any of the standard grammar-
level-specific style files, use this class. It is provided to permit
transparent handling of tags that may be added in future versions of
the HTML grammars.
There is a difference in the handling of a member of this class,
compared to that for a tag which is not defined in any class. The
latter may result in warnings if the -unknown-tag-warning option has
been selected, is allowed only in the BODY environment, and may cause
a paragraph to end. A tag in the inline style class may occur in
either the HEAD or BODY environments, never raises unknown-tag
warnings, and does not end a paragraph.
Style Class: line-break
This HTML tag marks an explicit line break, and has no matching end
tag; preceding space is deleted, and a newline follows: BR.
Style Class: link
This HTML tag has no matching end tag; it appears alone on a separate
line: LINK. There is normally at least one LINK tag, in the HEAD
environment, and html-pretty will supply one automatically if none is
present in the input stream.
Style Class: list
These HTML tags names occur in begin/end pairs, and delimit lists.
They appear on separate lines, with their enclosed text indented two
levels: DIR, DL, MENU, OL, and UL.
Style Class: list-header
This HTML tag marks the title of a list: LH. The begin/end tags are
output on separate lines, indented one level from the enclosing list.
Style Class: list-item
These HTML tags mark the beginning of list items, and have matching
end tags which are supplied if they are absent. They are output on
separate lines, indented one level from the enclosing list: DD, DT,
and LI.
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Style Class: markup-declaration
The following SGML markup declarations are also treated like special
tags, and output verbatim while checking for proper embedded comment
balance: !ATTLIST, !ELEMENT, !ENTITY, !NOTATION, !SGML, !SHORTREF, and
!USEMAP. However, html-pretty does no further checking about where
these `tags' are legal. Generally, they do not occur in HTML files,
but are found mainly in DTD files.
Style Class: math
These HTML tag names occur only inside a MATH environment, and appear
inline, without end tags, and without affecting indentation: ATOP,
CHOOSE, LEFT, OF, OVER, RIGHT, and TAB.
Style Class: math-pair
These HTML tag names occur only inside a MATH environment, with
begin/end pairs, and appear inline, without affecting indentation:
ABOVE, BAR, BELOW, BOX, DDOT, DOT, HAT, ROOT, ROW, SQRT, SUB, SUP,
TILDE, and VEC.
Style Class: pair
The following HTML tag names occur in begin/end pairs
(<TAG>and</TAG>), often with substantial amounts of intervening text:
A, ABBREV, ABSTRACT, ADDED, ADDRESS, APPLET, ARG, AROW, ARRAY, AU,
BDO, BLOCKQUOTE, BQ, BUTTON, CAPTION, CENTER, CITE, CMD, COLGROUP,
CREDIT, DEL, DIV, DIV1, DIV2, DIV3, DIV4, DIV5, DIV6, FIELDSET, FIG,
FN, FONT, FOOTNOTE, FORM, FRAMESET, HIDE, IFRAME, INS, LABEL, LANG,
MAP, MARGIN, MATH, MESSAGE, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, NOTE, OBJECT, OPTION,
PERSON, QUOTE, REMOVED, SELECT, SPAN, STYLE, TABLE, TBODY, TD,
TEXTAREA, TFOOT, TH, THEAD, and TR. They are prettyprinted on
separate lines, with their enclosed text indented one level.
Style Class: paragraph
This HTML tag occurs in begin/end pairs, which are prettyprinted on
separate lines with enclosing text indented one level: P. However,
paragraphing is tracked, empty paragraphs are discarded, and when new
tags are encountered which are known to be illegal inside a paragraph,
any open paragraph is automatically closed. Thus, old-style HTML
files with omitted </P> tags will usually get them added. Unlike most
word processors and many typesetting systems, blank lines in the SGML
and HTML input stream do not imply a paragraph break; only the <P> tag
does.
Style Class: plaintext
The HTML tag PLAINTEXT marks the beginning of verbatim text that
continues to end-of-file; it appears on a separate line. Although
some HTML viewers will terminate the plaintext environment on reaching
a matching end tag, </PLAINTEXT>, that practice is now considered
erroneous.
html-pretty will warn about this abberant environment, and recommend
using <PRE> ... </PRE> instead.
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Style Class: section
These HTML tags occur in begin/end pairs, which are prettyprinted on
separate lines with enclosing text indented one level: H1, H2, H3, H4,
H5, and H6. However, they must be logically ordered: H1 before H2 ...
before H6, with no intermediate header levels omitted, and they must
appear at the first level inside the BODY environment.
Style Class: short
This HTML tag has no matching end tag; it appears alone on a separate
line: ITEM. However, tags in this class can be used only inside a
BODY environment, and consequently, html-pretty will automatically end
any open HEAD environment, and start a BODY environment, if needed.
Style Class: standalone
These HTML tags have no matching end tag; they appear alone on
separate lines: CHANGED, HR, IMG, INPUT, RENDER, STYLES, and WBR.
However, they may appear only inside the BODY environment, and outside
a paragraph, and consequently, html-pretty will automatically end any
open HEAD and P environments, and start a BODY environment, if needed.
Style Class: standalone-nocheck
These HTML tags have no matching end tag; they may appear in either
the HEAD or the BODY environment, and they appear alone on separate
lines: BASE, ISINDEX, META, and NEXTID.
As the class name implies, they are not checked against rules that
might restrict their placement with respect to other environments.
Style Class: title
This HTML tag occurs in begin/end pairs, which are prettyprinted on
separate lines with enclosing text indented one level: TITLE.
However, this tag pair is restricted to occurring only in the HEAD
environment, and should normally only be given once. html-pretty will
supply this environment if needed, unless the -brief option has
suppressed it, and will warn about multiple occurrences.
Style Class: verbatim
These HTML tags appear in begin/end pairs, delimit preformatted, or
verbatim, text, and may occur only in the BODY environment: LISTING,
NOBR, PRE, and XMP. The beginning and ending tags are output on
separate lines, with no indentation, and with the enclosed material
copied exactly as it appeared in the input stream.
Style Class: verbatim-nocheck
These HTML tags appear in begin/end pairs, delimit preformatted, or
verbatim, text, and may occur in either HEAD or BODY environments:
SCRIPT and STYLE. The beginning and ending tags are output on
separate lines, with no indentation, and with the enclosed material
copied exactly as it appeared in the input stream.
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The SCRIPT and STYLE environments are not strictly verbatim
environments, but since they contain material in one of several
different scripting (Java, JavaScript, Tcl, VBScript, ...) or style-
sheet (CSS, ...) languages, there is no reasonable way for html-pretty
to reformat their contents, so they are included in this style class
to prevent such reformatting.
STYLE FILES
In order to allow the user to control the formatting of particular
HTML tags, html-pretty supports a powerful style file mechanism. At
startup, it processes a style file in the directory where the
executable program was found, a second style file in the user's home
directory, and a third style file in the current directory. None of
these need exist. Next, during command-line argument processing,
additional style files can be provided with the -stylefile option.
These style files support system-specific, user-specific, directory-
specific, and job- or file-specific prettyprinting control.
The default name of the first three style files is system dependent:
.html-prettyrc (UNIX), htmlpty.ini (IBM PC DOS), and html-pretty.ini
(DEC VMS and OpenVMS). The exact names depend on the name of the
executable program, which is used to construct the style file names.
If you renamed it to sgmlpretty.exe, the names would be .sgmlprettyrc
on UNIX, and sgmlpretty.ini on other systems.
More precisely, the program name passed to the prettyprinter as its
zeroth argument is filtered by discarding any trailing version number
and extension, then keeping the last consecutive string of characters
that are letters, digits, hyphens, or underscores. If the zeroth
argument is empty, implying that the program name is unknown, then the
name htmlpty is used; it is short enough to be acceptable to any
reasonable file system.
Automatic association of the style file names with the program name
makes it easy to support multiple versions, e.g., html-pretty-2-0,
html-pretty-3-0, html-pretty-3-2, and html-pretty-4-0 could select
different HTML grammar versions, and on UNIX, and a few other
operating systems, those programs could all be links to the same
physical file, avoiding wasteful duplication of disk space.
In the current implementation of html-pretty, all of the standard HTML
tags defined in HTML grammar levels up to the proposed 4.0, plus a few
browser vendor extensions, are hard-coded into the program as members
of over twenty formatting-style classes, so that no external style
files need exist for the program to run. However, the -extend-style,
-grammar-level, and -stylefile options allow the built-in rules to be
completely replaced, if desired.
The -print-stylefile command displays the built-in style rules as a
set of style class names, each followed by a colon and a list of HTML
tags in that style class. Its output may be used without further
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modification as a style file, and looks something like this:
%% html-pretty version 1.00 date [29-Nov-1997]
%% User-modifiable style file generated on Wed Dec 3 08:34:39 1997
%% Uncomment the next line to clear all existing rules,
%% or leave it as a comment to preserve them:
% default :
body : BODY
doctype : !DOCTYPE
font : ACRONYM B BIG BLINK BT CODE \
DFN EM I KBD Q REV S SAMP \
SMALL STRIKE STRONG T TT U \
VAR
head : HEAD
html : HTML
inline :
line-break : BR
link : LINK
list : DIR DL MENU OL UL
list-header : LH
list-item : DD DT LI
markup-declaration : !ATTLIST !ELEMENT !ENTITY \
!NOTATION !SGML !SHORTREF \
!USEMAP
math : ATOP CHOOSE LEFT OF OVER \
RIGHT TAB
math-pair : ABOVE BAR BELOW BOX DDOT \
DOT HAT ROOT ROW SQRT SUB \
SUP TILDE VEC
pair : A ABBREV ABSTRACT ADDED \
ADDRESS APPLET ARG AROW \
ARRAY AU BDO BLOCKQUOTE BQ \
BUTTON CAPTION CENTER CITE \
CMD COLGROUP CREDIT DEL DIV \
DIV1 DIV2 DIV3 DIV4 DIV5 \
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DIV6 FIELDSET FIG FN FONT \
FOOTNOTE FORM FRAMESET HIDE \
IFRAME INS LABEL LANG MAP \
MARGIN MATH MESSAGE \
NOFRAMES NOSCRIPT NOTE \
OBJECT OPTION PERSON QUOTE \
REMOVED SELECT SPAN TABLE \
TBODY TD TEXTAREA TFOOT TH \
THEAD TR
paragraph : P
plaintext : PLAINTEXT
public : "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN"
section : H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
short : ITEM
standalone : CHANGED HR IMG INPUT RENDER \
STYLES WBR
standalone-nocheck : AREA BASE BASEFONT COL \
FRAME ISINDEX META NEXTID \
OVERLAY PARAM
title : TITLE
verbatim : LISTING NOBR PRE XMP
verbatim-nocheck : SCRIPT STYLE
There will be additional data at the end of this output, in the form
of the tag relationships discussed below, but we omit it here because
of its length.
Notice that long lines can be continued on multiple physical lines,
for improved readability, by terminating them with a backslash
immediately before the newline. The output line width in this file is
governed by the -width option.
As with the command-line -extend-style option, you can replace the
colon with an equal sign, and the spaces between tags with commas, if
you prefer.
In addition to the style classes listed above, the special style class
default can be used to force an HTML tag to revert to the default rule
for unknown tags: just treat it as ordinary text, although if the
-unknown-tag-warning option was specified, a warning will be issued
for this now unknown tag. You can use this to override earlier style
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file settings, and most of the built-in ones.
The special style class public is associated with the SGML DOCTYPE
identifier string, rather than with a list of HTML tags. That string
determines which grammar file is to be used for the document, and the
value above corresponds to the most generic grammar level (2.0)
recognized by almost all browsers, even though the style file includes
tags from higher grammar levels. The public style class is the only
class whose value is a quoted string.
If the tag list to the right of the colon (or equals sign) is empty,
then all existing tags for that class are forgotten. If an empty tag
list is used with the default style class, then all tags for all
classes are forgotten. These two uses allow you to eliminate all
built-in rules, or just certain style classes, so that your style file
can start from a known rule base.
Style class names are case sensitive, and all of the ones recognized
by html-pretty must be spelled with lowercase letters.
The style file is expected to contain lines of the forms:
style-class : TAG1 TAG2 ...
TAG : TAG1 TAG2 ...
relationship[TAG] : TAG1 TAG2 ...
-option
-option -option ...
-option value
-option value -option value ...
In the second form, the style class of the first tag is looked up and
assigned to the remaining tags. That first tag must be entirely
UPPERCASE in order to distinguish it from a style class. The
remaining tag names can be in either lettercase, or in mixed case;
they will be converted to uppercase internally.
The third form specifies a relationship between a tag, and one or more
other tags. The two currently-recognized relationships are
ContainedIn and CannotContain; any others that are specified will
simply be ignored, although they will take up memory space. For
example, the lines
CannotContain[TITLE] : LINK META SCRIPT STYLE
ContainedIn[LH] : DL OL UL
mean that a TITLE environment cannot contain LINK, META, SCRIPT, or
STYLE tags, and that an LH tag can only be contained in a DL, OL, or
UL environment. Unlike style class definitions, relationships are
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not cumulative; only the last one of each relationship type
encountered for a particular tag will be used.
Because of the complexity of SGML grammars, tag relationships cannot
be reliably determined manually. Instead, relationship tables are
derived from the grammar files by software developed especially for,
and included with, the html-pretty distribution, and then inserted
into the standard style files. Thus, it is not anticipated that users
will provide tag relationship data in their personal style files,
although they are free to do so.
The built-in relationship tables are derived from a merger of the
major grammar levels, so that they match tags in the built-in style
classes, which are also derived from that merger.
Tag relationships are only checked when the -check-tag-nesting option
is specified, and since that is not a default option, omitting tag
relationships will normally not have a visible effect on the output of
html-pretty.
In the remaining forms, command-line options appear, and any of the
documented options may be used this way. You can use this facility to
collect preferred option settings in one place, such as in directory-
or user-specific initialization files. Observe that a -stylefile
option here can be used to chain temporarily to another file, and this
can go on recursively to a depth which is limited only by the run-time
stack depth and the maximum number of simultaneously open files.
Blank lines, leading and trailing whitespace, and text from a percent
(%) comment character to end of line, are ignored. To get a literal
percent or quotation mark into a value, prefix it with a backslash;
the backslash will be removed when the value is collected.
Whitespace separates items, and can be omitted around the colon.
There is no significance to the order of items on a line, or lines in
the file, except that later settings can override earlier ones. The
same style class name may occur on multiple lines, and the tag lists
will be accumulated, discarding duplicates.
The line length limit in style files is system-dependent, but
guaranteed to be at least 2048 characters.
Here is an example of a small style file to add the new tags
introduced in the HTML proposed 4.0 grammar (even though they are
actually already present in the built-in rules):
% HTML proposed 4.0 additions
font : Acronym s
pair : BdO Button col colgroup Fieldset FrameSet IFrame \
laBel NoFrames NoScript Object span TBody TFoot thEAD
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public : "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
The last style class attached to command or environment name is the
one that is used, so specifications in command-line -extend-style,
-grammar-level, or -stylefile options can override those in the
current directory style file, those in turn override settings from the
home directory style file, and those override system-wide style file
settings.
CATALOG DIRECTORY
The built-in style rules in html-pretty, together with the three
default startup style files, and the -extend-style class: taglist and
-stylefile stylefile options suffice for most uses of the
prettyprinter.
However, it may be useful to offer a simpler interface that only
requires the user to specify the desired grammar level with the
-grammar-level grammar option, and have html-pretty automatically find
the style files. Thus, when the -grammar-level option is used, html-
pretty looks for a catalog directory that contains a file named
catalog, and one or more style files.
The catalog directory is searched for in the same path as the
executable file, but in a path starting one level higher. On UNIX, it
is usually called share/lib/<programname>, so if the executable
program was /usr/local/bin/html-pretty, the catalog directory is
/usr/local/share/lib/html-pretty. [Conventionally, on UNIX systems,
directories in the share directory tree are shared across multiple O/S
releases and vendor architectures.]
On other operating systems, the share portion of the path may be
omitted. However, the quickest way to find out where the catalog
directory resides on your system is to run html-pretty with the
-grammar-level and -trace-opens options, to trace the file-opening
attempts.
The catalog file has a simple format: each non-empty line contains a
grammar level, and a corresponding filename in that directory. As
with style files, comments run from percent (%) to end-of-line, but
there is no support for line continuation, since the lines are all
very short. To get a literal percent or quotation mark into a value,
prefix it with a backslash; the backslash will be removed when the
value is collected.
This indirect mapping of grammar level to style file means that end
users need not know the style file names, and thus, that the names can
be changed to meet local requirements.
SGML parsers and other SGML software use a similar catalog file to map
DTD descriptor strings to local filenames.
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Lettercase is not significant in grammar-level names, although it may
be for filenames. The standard style files are all named in a single
lettercase, so that the catalog entries work on all file systems.
If you are developing a new set of styles, you probably do not want
them put in the system-wide catalog directory until they have been
completed and debugged. In such a case, you can use the -catalogfile
option to specify an alternate catalog file location. Once they are
ready for wider release, you (or your system manager) can merge your
catalog file with the system one, and copy your style files into the
system catalog directory.
COMMENTS IN HTML AND SGML
The SGML (and thus, HTML) comment syntax confuses many users,
including browser programmers, and book writers, who either get it
wrong, or fail to explain it properly.
SGML has a command called markup declaration open, or mdo for short,
which defaults to the two-character sequence <!, and is matched by a
markup declaration close, or mdc, which defaults to the one-character
sequence >. The mdo must be immediately followed either by a keyword,
such as ATTLIST, DOCTYPE, ELEMENT, ENTITY, NOTATION, SGML, SHORTREF,
or USEMAP, or else by a comment start, which is the two-character
sequence --. In the latter case, there must later be a second -- pair
to signal a comment end. Anything after that second pair is non-
comment text to be parsed. However, additional comments can appear,
provided that they are surrounded by -- pairs. Eventually, the markup
declaration is ended by an mdc command, although whitespace may follow
the last comment. Thus,
<!--one-- --two-- --three-->
<!-- one -- -- two -- -- three -- >
<!-- one --
-- two --
-- three --
>
are all legal markup declarations, each of which consists of three
comments. However, these are in error:
<! --one-- --two-- --three-- >
<!-- one -- two -- three -- >
<!--
one --
-- two --
- - three - -
>
The first has an illegal space after the mdo, the second has the word
two outside a comment, and the third has the text - - three - -
outside the comment.
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Given these rules, can SGML comments be nested? It might appear that
they can, since
<!-- <!-- --> -->
<!-- <!-- --> <!-- --> -->
are both accepted by an SGML parser. However, the nesting is
illusory, since the first has two comments, containing the text <! and
>, and the third has three comments: <! and > <! and >. As soon as we
put words between the hyphen pairs, such as
<!-- one <!-- two --> three -->
<!-- one <!-- two --> <!-- three --> four -->
the word two lies outside the comment in the first, and two and three
are outside the comment in the second. Therefore, SGML and HTML
comments cannot in general be nested.
Finally, because of the special significance of -- as both a comment
start and a comment end inside a markup declaration, you must be
careful about using adjacent hyphens in the comment text. In
particular, if you use a line of hyphens to set off one block of text
from another, the number of hyphens must be a multiple of 4, such as
this 60-hyphen example:
<!------------------------------------------------------------>
Having 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, or 63 hyphens won't do!
html-pretty does not distinguish markup declarations, beginning with
<!, from tags, beginning with <, except for comments, which have to be
parsed separately anyway to handle the pairs-of-pairs-of-hyphens
balance requirement. Thus, it considers !DOCTYPE to be a tag name,
when strictly speaking, the ! is part of the markup declaration open.
However, since the closing character > can always be represented by an
SGML entity, <, html-pretty can safely assume that anything between
angle brackets is a `tag'. That is why the style files have a rule
doctype : !DOCTYPE
with the exclamation mark prefixed to the word DOCTYPE.
HTML GRAMMAR CONSTRAINTS
It is not immediately obvious from the HTML grammars just which tags
can be contained in, or by, other tag environments. The list below
was automatically extracted from the HTML grammar files by software
developed especially for, and included with, the html-pretty
distribution.
The grammar rules for some environments explicitly forbid certain tags
from appearing in those environments; this is indicated in the lists
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04 December 1997
below by the prefix cannot contain:.
Because the HTML definition is evolving, many tags are defined only in
certain grammar files. In such a case, the grammar level is indicated
by a suffix with a colon and a sorted list of one or more levels: 2,
3, 3.2, 4C (4-Cougar), 4L (4-loose), and M (Mosaic and Netscape).
[The level 4-strict from July and November, 1997, is excluded because
the grammar file omits many heavily-used tags, in anticipation that
their features will be provided by style sheets.]
Although there are other HTML grammar versions, these are the major
ones that are important for current browsers. If no grammar level
list is present, then the tag is available in all of the levels listed
at the start of this paragraph.
The `tag' #PCDATA means parsed character data, an SGML term for text
of zero or more ordinary characters and/or SGML named and numeric
entities, such as " and ".
The `tag' ANY is a catch-all that means #PCDATA, or any SGML tag
defined in the grammar. It should not be used in SGML grammars, but
it is present in the Mosaic/Netscape grammar file, html-mcom.dtd.
The `tag' CDATA means character data, an SGML term for zero or more
characters that are not further examined, except for the purposes of
scanning for an end tag. This corresponds to verbatim text in
typesetting and word-processing systems.
The special `tag' EMPTY means that the environment is empty, and
further, that a matching end tag is forbidden.
If no end tag is shown in the paragraph heading, then it must be
omitted in HTML files.
Unless suffixed by optional, all tags listed in the remainder of this
section are required. However, if a grammar level list is attached to
optional or required, then the tag is defined only in those grammar
levels.
Use these lists as a portability guide: if a tag is implemented in
only specified grammar levels, then documents which use it are more
likely to be displayed improperly by Web browsers.
#PCDATA
contained in: A ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ABOVE:3 ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS
APPLET:3.2,4L AU:3 B BAR:3 BDO:4C,4L BELOW:3 BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L
BLINK:M BLOCKQUOTE BODY BOX:3 BQ:3 BT:3 BUTTON:4L
CAPTION:3,3.2,4C,4L CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M CITE CODE CREDIT:3 DD
DDOT:3 DEL:3,4L DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L DOT:3 DT EM
FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3 FONT:3.2,4C,4L,M FORM H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
HAT:3 I IFRAME:4L INS:3,4L ITEM:3 KBD LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3
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04 December 1997
LEGEND:4L LH:3 LI MATH:3 NOBR:M NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L
OF:3 OPTION P PERSON:3 PRE Q:3,4C,4L ROOT:3 S:3,4C,4L SAMP
SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L SQRT:3 STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG STYLE:3
SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L T:3 TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TEXTAREA
TEXTFLOW:4C TH:3,3.2,4C,4L TILDE:3 TITLE TT U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR
VEC:3
<A> ... </A>
contained in: ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS APPLET:3.2,4L
AU:3 B BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLINK:M BLOCKQUOTE BODY BQ:3
CAPTION:3,3.2,4C,4L CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M CITE CODE CREDIT:3 DD
DEL:3,4L DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L DT EM FIELDSET:4C,4L
FIG:3 FONT:3.2,4C,4L,M FORM H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 I IFRAME:4L
INS:3,4L KBD LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3 LEGEND:4L LH:3 LI NOBR:M
NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L P PERSON:3 PRE Q:3,4C,4L
S:3,4C,4L SAMP SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG
SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TEXTFLOW:4C
TH:3,3.2,4C,4L TT U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR
contains: #PCDATA ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 APPLET:3.2,4C,4L
AU:3 B BASEFONT:3.2,4C,4L,M BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLINK:M BR
BUTTON:4L CENTER:M CITE CODE DEL:3 DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L EM
FONT:3.2,4C,4L,M H1:2,3,M H2:2,3,M H3:2,3,M H4:2,3,M H5:2,3,M
H6:2,3,M I IFRAME:4L IMG INPUT:3.2,4C,4L INS:3 KBD LABEL:4C,4L
LANG:3 MAP:3.2,4C,4L MATH:3 NOBR:M OBJECT:4C,4L PERSON:3
Q:3,4C,4L S:3,4C,4L SAMP SCRIPT:3.2,4C,4L SELECT:3.2,4C,4L
SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG STYLE:4C
SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TAB:3 TEXTAREA:3.2,4C,4L TT
U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR WBR:M
cannot contain: A
<ABBR> required:4L ... </ABBR> required:4L
contained in: A:4L ABBR:4L ADDRESS:4L APPLET:4L B:4L BDO:4L
BIG:4L BLOCKQUOTE:4L BODY:4L BUTTON:4L CAPTION:4L CENTER:4L
CITE:4L CODE:4L DD:4L DEL:4L DFN:4L DIV:4L DT:4L EM:4L
FIELDSET:4L FONT:4L FORM:4L H1:4L H2:4L H3:4L H4:4L H5:4L H6:4L
I:4L IFRAME:4L INS:4L KBD:4L LABEL:4L LEGEND:4L LI:4L NOSCRIPT:4L
OBJECT:4L P:4L PRE:4L Q:4L S:4L SAMP:4L SMALL:4L SPAN:4L
STRIKE:4L STRONG:4L SUB:4L SUP:4L TD:4L TH:4L TT:4L U:4L VAR:4L
contains: #PCDATA:4L A:4L ABBR:4L APPLET:4L B:4L BASEFONT:4L
BDO:4L BIG:4L BR:4L BUTTON:4L CITE:4L CODE:4L DFN:4L EM:4L
FONT:4L I:4L IFRAME:4L IMG:4L INPUT:4L KBD:4L LABEL:4L MAP:4L
OBJECT:4L Q:4L S:4L SAMP:4L SCRIPT:4L SELECT:4L SMALL:4L SPAN:4L
STRIKE:4L STRONG:4L SUB:4L SUP:4L TEXTAREA:4L TT:4L U:4L VAR:4L
<ABBREV> required:3 ... </ABBREV> required:3
contained in: A:3 ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS:3 AU:3 B:3 BIG:3
BLOCKQUOTE:3 BODY:3 BQ:3 CAPTION:3 CITE:3 CODE:3 CREDIT:3 DD:3
DEL:3 DFN:3 DIV:3 DT:3 EM:3 FIG:3 FORM:3 H1:3 H2:3 H3:3 H4:3 H5:3
H6:3 I:3 INS:3 KBD:3 LANG:3 LH:3 LI:3 NOTE:3 P:3 PERSON:3 PRE:3
Q:3 S:3 SAMP:3 SMALL:3 STRONG:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 TD:3 TH:3 TT:3 U:3
VAR:3
contains: #PCDATA:3 A:3 ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 AU:3 B:3 BIG:3 BR:3
CITE:3 CODE:3 DEL:3 DFN:3 EM:3 I:3 IMG:3 INS:3 KBD:3 LANG:3
MATH:3 PERSON:3 Q:3 S:3 SAMP:3 SMALL:3 STRONG:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 TAB:3
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04 December 1997
TT:3 U:3 VAR:3
<ABOVE> required:3 ... </ABOVE> required:3
contained in: ABOVE:3 BAR:3 BELOW:3 BOX:3 BT:3 DDOT:3 DOT:3 HAT:3
ITEM:3 MATH:3 OF:3 ROOT:3 SQRT:3 T:3 TILDE:3 VEC:3
contains: #PCDATA:3 ABOVE:3 ARRAY:3 B:3 BAR:3 BELOW:3 BOX:3 BT:3
DDOT:3 DOT:3 HAT:3 ROOT:3 SQRT:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 T:3 TILDE:3 VEC:3
<ACRONYM> required:3 ... </ACRONYM> required:3
contained in: A:3 ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS:3 AU:3 B:3 BIG:3
BLOCKQUOTE:3 BODY:3 BQ:3 CAPTION:3 CITE:3 CODE:3 CREDIT:3 DD:3
DEL:3 DFN:3 DIV:3 DT:3 EM:3 FIG:3 FORM:3 H1:3 H2:3 H3:3 H4:3 H5:3
H6:3 I:3 INS:3 KBD:3 LANG:3 LH:3 LI:3 NOTE:3 P:3 PERSON:3 PRE:3
Q:3 S:3 SAMP:3 SMALL:3 STRONG:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 TD:3 TH:3 TT:3 U:3
VAR:3
contains: #PCDATA:3 A:3 ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 AU:3 B:3 BIG:3 BR:3
CITE:3 CODE:3 DEL:3 DFN:3 EM:3 I:3 IMG:3 INS:3 KBD:3 LANG:3
MATH:3 PERSON:3 Q:3 S:3 SAMP:3 SMALL:3 STRONG:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 TAB:3
TT:3 U:3 VAR:3
<ADDRESS> ... </ADDRESS>
contained in: APPLET:4L BLOCKQUOTE BODY BQ:3 BUTTON:4L
CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M DD:4L DEL:4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L
FIG:3 FORM IFRAME:4L INS:4L LI:4L NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L
TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TH:3,3.2,4C,4L
contains: #PCDATA A ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 APPLET:3.2,4C,4L
AU:3 B BASEFONT:3.2,4C,4L,M BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLINK:M BR
BUTTON:4L CENTER:M CITE CODE DEL:3 DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L EM
FONT:3.2,4C,4L,M I IFRAME:4L IMG INPUT:3.2,4C,4L INS:3 KBD
LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3 MAP:3.2,4C,4L MATH:3 NOBR:M OBJECT:4C,4L P
PERSON:3 Q:3,4C,4L S:3,4C,4L SAMP SCRIPT:3.2,4C,4L
SELECT:3.2,4C,4L SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L
STRONG STYLE:4C SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TAB:3
TEXTAREA:3.2,4C,4L TT U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR WBR:M
ANY
contained in: BASEFONT:M
<APPLET> required:3.2,4C,4L ... </APPLET> required:3.2,4C,4L
contained in: A:3.2,4C,4L ABBR:4L ADDRESS:3.2,4C,4L APPLET:3.2,4L
B:3.2,4C,4L BDO:4C,4L BIG:3.2,4C,4L BLOCKQUOTE:3.2,4C,4L
BODY:3.2,4C,4L BUTTON:4L CAPTION:3.2,4C,4L CENTER:3.2,4C,4L
CITE:3.2,4C,4L CODE:3.2,4C,4L DD:3.2,4C,4L DEL:4L DFN:3.2,4C,4L
DIV:3.2,4C,4L DT:3.2,4C,4L EM:3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L
FONT:3.2,4C,4L FORM:3.2,4C,4L H1:3.2,4C,4L H2:3.2,4C,4L
H3:3.2,4C,4L H4:3.2,4C,4L H5:3.2,4C,4L H6:3.2,4C,4L I:3.2,4C,4L
IFRAME:4L INS:4L KBD:3.2,4C,4L LABEL:4C,4L LEGEND:4L LI:3.2,4C,4L
NOSCRIPT:4L OBJECT:4C,4L P:3.2,4C,4L PRE:3.2,4C Q:4C,4L S:4C,4L
SAMP:3.2,4C,4L SMALL:3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L
STRONG:3.2,4C,4L SUB:3.2,4C,4L SUP:3.2,4C,4L TD:3.2,4C,4L
TEXTFLOW:4C TH:3.2,4C,4L TT:3.2,4C,4L U:3.2,4C,4L VAR:3.2,4C,4L
contains: #PCDATA:3.2,4L A:3.2,4L ABBR:4L ADDRESS:4L
APPLET:3.2,4L B:3.2,4L BASEFONT:3.2,4L BDO:4L BIG:3.2,4L
BLOCKQUOTE:4L BR:3.2,4L BUTTON:4L CENTER:4L CITE:3.2,4L
CODE:3.2,4L DFN:3.2,4L DIR:4L DIV:4L DL:4L EM:3.2,4L FIELDSET:4L
FONT:3.2,4L FORM:4L H1:4L H2:4L H3:4L H4:4L H5:4L H6:4L HR:4L
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04 December 1997
I:3.2,4L IFRAME:4L IMG:3.2,4L INPUT:3.2,4L ISINDEX:4L KBD:3.2,4L
LABEL:4L MAP:3.2,4L MENU:4L NOFRAMES:4L NOSCRIPT:4L OBJECT:4L
OL:4L P:4L PARAM:3.2,4C,4L PRE:4L Q:4L S:4L SAMP:3.2,4L
SCRIPT:3.2,4L SELECT:3.2,4L SMALL:3.2,4L SPAN:4L STRIKE:3.2,4L
STRONG:3.2,4L SUB:3.2,4L SUP:3.2,4L TABLE:4L TEXTAREA:3.2,4L
TEXTFLOW:4C TT:3.2,4L U:3.2,4L UL:4L VAR:3.2,4L
<AREA> required:3.2,4C,4L
contained in: MAP:3.2,4C,4L
contains: EMPTY:3.2,4C,4L
<ARRAY> required:3 ... </ARRAY> required:3
contained in: ABOVE:3 BAR:3 BELOW:3 BOX:3 BT:3 DDOT:3 DOT:3 HAT:3
ITEM:3 MATH:3 OF:3 ROOT:3 SQRT:3 T:3 TILDE:3 VEC:3
contains: ROW:3
<ATOP> required:3
contained in: BOX:3
contains: EMPTY:3
<AU> required:3 ... </AU> required:3
contained in: A:3 ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS:3 AU:3 B:3 BIG:3
BLOCKQUOTE:3 BODY:3 BQ:3 CAPTION:3 CITE:3 CODE:3 CREDIT:3 DD:3
DEL:3 DFN:3 DIV:3 DT:3 EM:3 FIG:3 FORM:3 H1:3 H2:3 H3:3 H4:3 H5:3
H6:3 I:3 INS:3 KBD:3 LANG:3 LH:3 LI:3 NOTE:3 P:3 PERSON:3 PRE:3
Q:3 S:3 SAMP:3 SMALL:3 STRONG:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 TD:3 TH:3 TT:3 U:3
VAR:3
contains: #PCDATA:3 A:3 ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 AU:3 B:3 BIG:3 BR:3
CITE:3 CODE:3 DEL:3 DFN:3 EM:3 I:3 IMG:3 INS:3 KBD:3 LANG:3
MATH:3 PERSON:3 Q:3 S:3 SAMP:3 SMALL:3 STRONG:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 TAB:3
TT:3 U:3 VAR:3
<B> ... </B>
contained in: A ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ABOVE:3 ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS
APPLET:3.2,4L AU:3 B BAR:3 BDO:4C,4L BELOW:3 BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L
BLINK:M BLOCKQUOTE BODY BOX:3 BQ:3 BT:3 BUTTON:4L
CAPTION:3,3.2,4C,4L CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M CITE CODE CREDIT:3 DD
DDOT:3 DEL:3,4L DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L DOT:3 DT EM
FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3 FONT:3.2,4C,4L,M FORM H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
HAT:3 I IFRAME:4L INS:3,4L ITEM:3 KBD LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3
LEGEND:4L LH:3 LI MATH:3 NOBR:M NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L
OF:3 P PERSON:3 PRE Q:3,4C,4L ROOT:3 S:3,4C,4L SAMP
SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L SQRT:3 STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG
SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L T:3 TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TEXTFLOW:4C
TH:3,3.2,4C,4L TILDE:3 TT U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR VEC:3
contains: #PCDATA A ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 APPLET:3.2,4C,4L
AU:3 B BASEFONT:3.2,4C,4L,M BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLINK:M BR
BUTTON:4L CENTER:M CITE CODE DEL:3 DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L EM
FONT:3.2,4C,4L,M I IFRAME:4L IMG INPUT:3.2,4C,4L INS:3 KBD
LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3 MAP:3.2,4C,4L MATH:3 NOBR:M OBJECT:4C,4L
PERSON:3 Q:3,4C,4L S:3,4C,4L SAMP SCRIPT:3.2,4C,4L
SELECT:3.2,4C,4L SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L
STRONG STYLE:4C SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TAB:3
TEXTAREA:3.2,4C,4L TT U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR WBR:M
<BAR> required:3 ... </BAR> required:3
contained in: ABOVE:3 BAR:3 BELOW:3 BOX:3 BT:3 DDOT:3 DOT:3 HAT:3
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04 December 1997
ITEM:3 MATH:3 OF:3 ROOT:3 SQRT:3 T:3 TILDE:3 VEC:3
contains: #PCDATA:3 ABOVE:3 ARRAY:3 B:3 BAR:3 BELOW:3 BOX:3 BT:3
DDOT:3 DOT:3 HAT:3 ROOT:3 SQRT:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 T:3 TILDE:3 VEC:3
<BASE>
contained in: HEAD
contains: EMPTY
<BASEFONT> required:3.2,4C,4L,M
contained in: A:3.2,4C,4L,M ABBR:4L ADDRESS:3.2,4C,4L,M
APPLET:3.2,4L B:3.2,4C,4L,M BDO:4C,4L BIG:3.2,4C,4L BLINK:M
BLOCKQUOTE:3.2,4C,4L,M BODY:3.2,4C,4L,M BUTTON:4L
CAPTION:3.2,4C,4L CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M CITE:3.2,4C,4L,M
CODE:3.2,4C,4L,M DD:3.2,4C,4L,M DEL:4L DFN:3.2,4C,4L
DIV:3.2,4C,4L DT:3.2,4C,4L,M EM:3.2,4C,4L,M FIELDSET:4C,4L
FONT:3.2,4C,4L,M FORM:3.2,4C,4L,M H1:3.2,4C,4L,M H2:3.2,4C,4L,M
H3:3.2,4C,4L,M H4:3.2,4C,4L,M H5:3.2,4C,4L,M H6:3.2,4C,4L,M
I:3.2,4C,4L,M IFRAME:4L INS:4L KBD:3.2,4C,4L,M LABEL:4C,4L
LEGEND:4L LI:3.2,4C,4L,M NOBR:M NOSCRIPT:4L OBJECT:4C,4L
P:3.2,4C,4L,M PRE:3.2,4C Q:4C,4L S:4C,4L SAMP:3.2,4C,4L,M
SMALL:3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG:3.2,4C,4L,M
SUB:3.2,4C,4L SUP:3.2,4C,4L TD:3.2,4C,4L TEXTFLOW:4C TH:3.2,4C,4L
TT:3.2,4C,4L,M U:3.2,4C,4L VAR:3.2,4C,4L,M
contains: ANY:M EMPTY:3.2,4C,4L
<BDO> required:4C,4L ... </BDO> required:4C,4L
contained in: A:4C,4L ABBR:4L ADDRESS:4C,4L APPLET:4L B:4C,4L
BDO:4C,4L BIG:4C,4L BLOCKQUOTE:4C,4L BODY:4C,4L BUTTON:4L
CAPTION:4C,4L CENTER:4C,4L CITE:4C,4L CODE:4C,4L DD:4C,4L DEL:4L
DFN:4C,4L DIV:4C,4L DT:4C,4L EM:4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L FONT:4C,4L
FORM:4C,4L H1:4C,4L H2:4C,4L H3:4C,4L H4:4C,4L H5:4C,4L H6:4C,4L
I:4C,4L IFRAME:4L INS:4L KBD:4C,4L LABEL:4C,4L LEGEND:4L LI:4C,4L
NOSCRIPT:4L OBJECT:4C,4L P:4C,4L PRE:4C,4L Q:4C,4L S:4C,4L
SAMP:4C,4L SMALL:4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:4L STRONG:4C,4L
SUB:4C,4L SUP:4C,4L TD:4C,4L TEXTFLOW:4C TH:4C,4L TT:4C,4L
U:4C,4L VAR:4C,4L
contains: #PCDATA:4C,4L A:4C,4L ABBR:4L APPLET:4C,4L B:4C,4L
BASEFONT:4C,4L BDO:4C,4L BIG:4C,4L BR:4C,4L BUTTON:4L CITE:4C,4L
CODE:4C,4L DFN:4C,4L EM:4C,4L FONT:4C,4L I:4C,4L IFRAME:4L
IMG:4C,4L INPUT:4C,4L KBD:4C,4L LABEL:4C,4L MAP:4C,4L
OBJECT:4C,4L Q:4C,4L S:4C,4L SAMP:4C,4L SCRIPT:4C,4L SELECT:4C,4L
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- 32 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
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contains: #PCDATA A ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS
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- 33 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
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<BR>
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AU:3 B BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLINK:M BLOCKQUOTE BODY BQ:3
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- 34 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
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- 35 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
<CHOOSE> required:3
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<CITE> ... </CITE>
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- 36 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
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- 37 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
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TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TH:3,3.2,4C,4L
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ISINDEX:3,3.2,4C,4L KBD:3,3.2,4C,4L LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3
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- 38 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
TEXTAREA:3.2,4C,4L TT:3,3.2,4C,4L U:3,3.2,4C,4L UL:3,3.2,4C,4L
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<DL> ... </DL>
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CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M DD DEL:4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3
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TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TH:3,3.2,4C,4L
contains: DD DT LH:3
<DOT> required:3 ... </DOT> required:3
contained in: ABOVE:3 BAR:3 BELOW:3 BOX:3 BT:3 DDOT:3 DOT:3 HAT:3
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<EM> ... </EM>
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AU:3 B BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLINK:M BLOCKQUOTE BODY BQ:3
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EMPTY
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- 39 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
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- 40 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
contained in: APPLET:4L BLOCKQUOTE BODY BQ:3 CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M
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TEXTAREA:3.2,4C,4L TT U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR WBR:M
<LABEL> required:4C,4L ... </LABEL> required:4C,4L
contained in: A:4C,4L ABBR:4L ADDRESS:4C,4L APPLET:4L B:4C,4L
BDO:4C,4L BIG:4C,4L BLOCKQUOTE:4C,4L BODY:4C,4L CAPTION:4C,4L
CENTER:4C,4L CITE:4C,4L CODE:4C,4L DD:4C,4L DEL:4L DFN:4C,4L
DIV:4C,4L DT:4C,4L EM:4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L FONT:4C,4L FORM:4C,4L
H1:4C,4L H2:4C,4L H3:4C,4L H4:4C,4L H5:4C,4L H6:4C,4L I:4C,4L
IFRAME:4L INS:4L KBD:4C,4L LEGEND:4L LI:4C,4L NOSCRIPT:4L
OBJECT:4C,4L P:4C,4L PRE:4C,4L Q:4C,4L S:4C,4L SAMP:4C,4L
SMALL:4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:4L STRONG:4C,4L SUB:4C,4L SUP:4C,4L
TD:4C,4L TEXTFLOW:4C TH:4C,4L TT:4C,4L U:4C,4L VAR:4C,4L
contains: #PCDATA:4C,4L A:4C,4L ABBR:4L APPLET:4C,4L B:4C,4L
BASEFONT:4C,4L BDO:4C,4L BIG:4C,4L BR:4C,4L BUTTON:4L CITE:4C,4L
CODE:4C,4L DFN:4C,4L EM:4C,4L FONT:4C,4L I:4C,4L IFRAME:4L
IMG:4C,4L INPUT:4C,4L KBD:4C,4L MAP:4C,4L OBJECT:4C,4L Q:4C,4L
S:4C,4L SAMP:4C,4L SCRIPT:4C,4L SELECT:4C,4L SMALL:4C,4L
SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:4L STRONG:4C,4L STYLE:4C SUB:4C,4L SUP:4C,4L
TEXTAREA:4C,4L TT:4C,4L U:4C,4L VAR:4C,4L
cannot contain: LABEL:4C,4L
<LANG> required:3 ... </LANG> required:3
contained in: A:3 ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS:3 AU:3 B:3 BIG:3
BLOCKQUOTE:3 BODY:3 BQ:3 CAPTION:3 CITE:3 CODE:3 CREDIT:3 DD:3
- 45 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
DEL:3 DFN:3 DIV:3 DT:3 EM:3 FIG:3 FORM:3 H1:3 H2:3 H3:3 H4:3 H5:3
H6:3 I:3 INS:3 KBD:3 LANG:3 LH:3 LI:3 NOTE:3 P:3 PERSON:3 PRE:3
Q:3 S:3 SAMP:3 SMALL:3 STRONG:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 TD:3 TH:3 TT:3 U:3
VAR:3
contains: #PCDATA:3 A:3 ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 AU:3 B:3 BIG:3 BR:3
CITE:3 CODE:3 DEL:3 DFN:3 EM:3 I:3 IMG:3 INS:3 KBD:3 LANG:3
MATH:3 PERSON:3 Q:3 S:3 SAMP:3 SMALL:3 STRONG:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 TAB:3
TT:3 U:3 VAR:3
<LEFT> required:3
contained in: BOX:3
contains: EMPTY:3
<LEGEND> required:4L ... </LEGEND> required:4L
contained in: FIELDSET:4L
contains: #PCDATA:4L A:4L ABBR:4L APPLET:4L B:4L BASEFONT:4L
BDO:4L BIG:4L BR:4L BUTTON:4L CITE:4L CODE:4L DFN:4L EM:4L
FONT:4L I:4L IFRAME:4L IMG:4L INPUT:4L KBD:4L LABEL:4L MAP:4L
OBJECT:4L Q:4L S:4L SAMP:4L SCRIPT:4L SELECT:4L SMALL:4L SPAN:4L
STRIKE:4L STRONG:4L SUB:4L SUP:4L TEXTAREA:4L TT:4L U:4L VAR:4L
<LH> required:3 ... </LH> optional:3
contained in: DL:3 OL:3 UL:3
contains: #PCDATA:3 A:3 ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 AU:3 B:3 BIG:3 BR:3
CITE:3 CODE:3 DEL:3 DFN:3 EM:3 I:3 IMG:3 INS:3 KBD:3 LANG:3
MATH:3 PERSON:3 Q:3 S:3 SAMP:3 SMALL:3 STRONG:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 TAB:3
TT:3 U:3 VAR:3
<LI> ... </LI> optional
contained in: DIR MENU OL UL
contains: #PCDATA A ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS:4L
APPLET:3.2,4C,4L AU:3 B BASEFONT:3.2,4C,4L,M BDO:4C,4L
BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLINK:M BLOCKQUOTE BQ:3 BR BUTTON:4L
CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M CITE CODE DEL:3 DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L DIR
DIV:3.2,4C,4L DL EM FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3 FONT:3.2,4C,4L,M FORM
H1:4L H2:4L H3:4L H4:4L H5:4L H6:4L HR:3.2,4C,4L I IFRAME:4L IMG
INPUT:3.2,4C,4L INS:3 ISINDEX KBD LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3
LISTING:2,3,3.2,4C,M MAP:3.2,4C,4L MATH:3 MENU NOBR:M NOFRAMES:4L
NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L OL P PERSON:3 PRE Q:3,4C,4L
S:3,4C,4L SAMP SCRIPT:3.2,4C,4L SELECT:3.2,4C,4L
SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG STYLE:4C
SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TAB:3 TABLE:3,3.2,4C,4L
TEXTAREA:3.2,4C,4L TT U:3,3.2,4C,4L UL VAR WBR:M XMP:2,3,3.2,4C,M
<LINK>
contained in: HEAD
contains: EMPTY
<LISTING> required:2,3,3.2,4C,M ... </LISTING> required:2,3,3.2,4C,M
(deprecated)
contained in: BLOCKQUOTE:2,3,3.2,4C,M BODY:2,3,3.2,4C,M BQ:3
CENTER:3.2,4C,M DD:2,3,3.2,4C,M DIV:3,3.2,4C FIELDSET:4C FIG:3
FORM:2,3,3.2,4C,M LI:2,3,3.2,4C,M NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C TD:3,3.2,4C
TH:3,3.2,4C
contains: CDATA:2,3,3.2,4C,M
<MAP> required:3.2,4C,4L ... </MAP> required:3.2,4C,4L
contained in: A:3.2,4C,4L ABBR:4L ADDRESS:3.2,4C,4L APPLET:3.2,4L
- 46 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
B:3.2,4C,4L BDO:4C,4L BIG:3.2,4C,4L BLOCKQUOTE:3.2,4C,4L
BODY:3.2,4C,4L BUTTON:4L CAPTION:3.2,4C,4L CENTER:3.2,4C,4L
CITE:3.2,4C,4L CODE:3.2,4C,4L DD:3.2,4C,4L DEL:4L DFN:3.2,4C,4L
DIV:3.2,4C,4L DT:3.2,4C,4L EM:3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L
FONT:3.2,4C,4L FORM:3.2,4C,4L H1:3.2,4C,4L H2:3.2,4C,4L
H3:3.2,4C,4L H4:3.2,4C,4L H5:3.2,4C,4L H6:3.2,4C,4L I:3.2,4C,4L
IFRAME:4L INS:4L KBD:3.2,4C,4L LABEL:4C,4L LEGEND:4L LI:3.2,4C,4L
NOSCRIPT:4L OBJECT:4C,4L P:3.2,4C,4L PRE:3.2,4C,4L Q:4C,4L
S:4C,4L SAMP:3.2,4C,4L SMALL:3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L
STRONG:3.2,4C,4L SUB:3.2,4C,4L SUP:3.2,4C,4L TD:3.2,4C,4L
TEXTFLOW:4C TH:3.2,4C,4L TT:3.2,4C,4L U:3.2,4C,4L VAR:3.2,4C,4L
contains: AREA:3.2,4C,4L
<MATH> required:3 ... </MATH> required:3
contained in: A:3 ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS:3 AU:3 B:3 BIG:3
BLOCKQUOTE:3 BODY:3 BQ:3 CAPTION:3 CITE:3 CODE:3 CREDIT:3 DD:3
DEL:3 DFN:3 DIV:3 DT:3 EM:3 FIG:3 FORM:3 H1:3 H2:3 H3:3 H4:3 H5:3
H6:3 I:3 INS:3 KBD:3 LANG:3 LH:3 LI:3 NOTE:3 P:3 PERSON:3 Q:3 S:3
SAMP:3 SMALL:3 STRONG:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 TD:3 TH:3 TT:3 U:3 VAR:3
contains: #PCDATA:3 ABOVE:3 ARRAY:3 B:3 BAR:3 BELOW:3 BOX:3 BT:3
DDOT:3 DOT:3 HAT:3 ROOT:3 SQRT:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 T:3 TILDE:3 VEC:3
cannot contain: A:3 ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 AU:3 BIG:3 BR:3 CITE:3
CODE:3 DEL:3 DFN:3 EM:3 I:3 IMG:3 INS:3 KBD:3 LANG:3 MATH:3
PERSON:3 Q:3 S:3 SAMP:3 SMALL:3 STRONG:3 TAB:3 TT:3 U:3 VAR:3
<MENU> ... </MENU> (deprecated)
contained in: APPLET:4L BLOCKQUOTE BODY BQ:3 BUTTON:4L
CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M DD DEL:4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3
FORM IFRAME:4L INS:4L LI NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L
TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TH:3,3.2,4C,4L
contains: LI
cannot contain: ADDRESS:4L BLOCKQUOTE BQ:3 CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M DIR
DIV:3.2,4C,4L DL FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3 FORM H1:4L H2:4L H3:4L
H4:4L H5:4L H6:4L HR:3.2,4C,4L ISINDEX LISTING:2,3,3.2,4C,M MENU
NOFRAMES:4L NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OL P PRE TABLE:3,3.2,4C,4L UL
XMP:2,3,3.2,4C,M
<META>
contained in: HEAD
contains: EMPTY
<NEXTID> required:2,3,M (deprecated)
contained in: HEAD:2,3,M
contains: EMPTY:2,3,M
<NOBR> required:M ... </NOBR> required:M
contained in: A:M ADDRESS:M B:M BLINK:M BLOCKQUOTE:M BODY:M
CENTER:M CITE:M CODE:M DD:M DT:M EM:M FONT:M FORM:M H1:M H2:M
H3:M H4:M H5:M H6:M I:M KBD:M LI:M NOBR:M P:M SAMP:M STRONG:M
TT:M VAR:M
contains: #PCDATA:M A:M B:M BASEFONT:M BLINK:M BR:M CENTER:M
CITE:M CODE:M EM:M FONT:M I:M IMG:M KBD:M NOBR:M SAMP:M STRONG:M
TT:M VAR:M WBR:M
<NOFRAMES> required:4L ... </NOFRAMES> required:4L
contained in: APPLET:4L BLOCKQUOTE:4L BODY:4L BUTTON:4L CENTER:4L
DD:4L DEL:4L DIV:4L FIELDSET:4L FORM:4L FRAMESET:4L IFRAME:4L
- 47 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
INS:4L LI:4L NOSCRIPT:4L OBJECT:4L TD:4L TH:4L
contains: BODY:4L
cannot contain: #PCDATA:4L A:4L ABBR:4L ADDRESS:4L APPLET:4L B:4L
BASEFONT:4L BDO:4L BIG:4L BLOCKQUOTE:4L BR:4L BUTTON:4L CENTER:4L
CITE:4L CODE:4L DFN:4L DIR:4L DIV:4L DL:4L EM:4L FIELDSET:4L
FONT:4L FORM:4L H1:4L H2:4L H3:4L H4:4L H5:4L H6:4L HR:4L I:4L
IFRAME:4L IMG:4L INPUT:4L ISINDEX:4L KBD:4L LABEL:4L MAP:4L
MENU:4L NOFRAMES:4L NOSCRIPT:4L OBJECT:4L OL:4L P:4L PRE:4L Q:4L
S:4L SAMP:4L SCRIPT:4L SELECT:4L SMALL:4L SPAN:4L STRIKE:4L
STRONG:4L SUB:4L SUP:4L TABLE:4L TEXTAREA:4L TT:4L U:4L UL:4L
VAR:4L
<NOSCRIPT> required:4L ... </NOSCRIPT> required:4L
contained in: APPLET:4L BLOCKQUOTE:4L BODY:4L BUTTON:4L CENTER:4L
DD:4L DEL:4L DIV:4L FIELDSET:4L FORM:4L IFRAME:4L INS:4L LI:4L
NOSCRIPT:4L OBJECT:4L TD:4L TH:4L
contains: #PCDATA:4L A:4L ABBR:4L ADDRESS:4L APPLET:4L B:4L
BASEFONT:4L BDO:4L BIG:4L BLOCKQUOTE:4L BR:4L BUTTON:4L CENTER:4L
CITE:4L CODE:4L DFN:4L DIR:4L DIV:4L DL:4L EM:4L FIELDSET:4L
FONT:4L FORM:4L H1:4L H2:4L H3:4L H4:4L H5:4L H6:4L HR:4L I:4L
IFRAME:4L IMG:4L INPUT:4L ISINDEX:4L KBD:4L LABEL:4L MAP:4L
MENU:4L NOFRAMES:4L NOSCRIPT:4L OBJECT:4L OL:4L P:4L PRE:4L Q:4L
S:4L SAMP:4L SCRIPT:4L SELECT:4L SMALL:4L SPAN:4L STRIKE:4L
STRONG:4L SUB:4L SUP:4L TABLE:4L TEXTAREA:4L TT:4L U:4L UL:4L
VAR:4L
<NOTE> required:3 ... </NOTE> required:3
contained in: BLOCKQUOTE:3 BODY:3 BQ:3 DD:3 DIV:3 FIG:3 FORM:3
LI:3 NOTE:3 TD:3 TH:3
contains: #PCDATA:3 A:3 ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS:3 AU:3 B:3
BIG:3 BLOCKQUOTE:3 BQ:3 BR:3 CITE:3 CODE:3 DEL:3 DFN:3 DIR:3
DIV:3 DL:3 EM:3 FIG:3 FORM:3 H1:3 H2:3 H3:3 H4:3 H5:3 H6:3 HR:3
I:3 IMG:3 INS:3 ISINDEX:3 KBD:3 LANG:3 LISTING:3 MATH:3 MENU:3
NOTE:3 OL:3 P:3 PERSON:3 PRE:3 Q:3 S:3 SAMP:3 SMALL:3 STRONG:3
SUB:3 SUP:3 TAB:3 TABLE:3 TT:3 U:3 UL:3 VAR:3 XMP:3
<OBJECT> required:4C,4L ... </OBJECT> required:4C,4L
contained in: A:4C,4L ABBR:4L ADDRESS:4C,4L APPLET:4L B:4C,4L
BDO:4C,4L BIG:4C,4L BLOCKQUOTE:4C,4L BODY:4C,4L BUTTON:4L
CAPTION:4C,4L CENTER:4C,4L CITE:4C,4L CODE:4C,4L DD:4C,4L DEL:4L
DFN:4C,4L DIV:4C,4L DT:4C,4L EM:4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L FONT:4C,4L
FORM:4C,4L H1:4C,4L H2:4C,4L H3:4C,4L H4:4C,4L H5:4C,4L H6:4C,4L
I:4C,4L IFRAME:4L INS:4L KBD:4C,4L LABEL:4C,4L LEGEND:4L LI:4C,4L
NOSCRIPT:4L OBJECT:4C,4L P:4C,4L PRE:4C Q:4C,4L S:4C,4L
SAMP:4C,4L SMALL:4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:4L STRONG:4C,4L
SUB:4C,4L SUP:4C,4L TD:4C,4L TEXTFLOW:4C TH:4C,4L TT:4C,4L
U:4C,4L VAR:4C,4L
contains: #PCDATA:4C,4L A:4C,4L ABBR:4L ADDRESS:4C,4L
APPLET:4C,4L B:4C,4L BASEFONT:4C,4L BDO:4C,4L BIG:4C,4L
BLOCKQUOTE:4C,4L BR:4C,4L BUTTON:4L CENTER:4C,4L CITE:4C,4L
CODE:4C,4L DFN:4C,4L DIR:4C,4L DIV:4C,4L DL:4C,4L EM:4C,4L
FIELDSET:4C,4L FONT:4C,4L FORM:4C,4L H1:4C,4L H2:4C,4L H3:4C,4L
H4:4C,4L H5:4C,4L H6:4C,4L HR:4C,4L I:4C,4L IFRAME:4L IMG:4C,4L
INPUT:4C,4L ISINDEX:4C,4L KBD:4C,4L LABEL:4C,4L LISTING:4C
- 48 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
MAP:4C,4L MENU:4C,4L NOFRAMES:4L NOSCRIPT:4L OBJECT:4C,4L
OL:4C,4L P:4C,4L PARAM:4C,4L PRE:4C,4L Q:4C,4L S:4C,4L SAMP:4C,4L
SCRIPT:4C,4L SELECT:4C,4L SMALL:4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:4L
STRONG:4C,4L STYLE:4C SUB:4C,4L SUP:4C,4L TABLE:4C,4L
TEXTAREA:4C,4L TT:4C,4L U:4C,4L UL:4C,4L VAR:4C,4L XMP:4C
<OF> required:3 ... </OF> optional:3
contained in: ROOT:3
contains: #PCDATA:3 ABOVE:3 ARRAY:3 B:3 BAR:3 BELOW:3 BOX:3 BT:3
DDOT:3 DOT:3 HAT:3 ROOT:3 SQRT:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 T:3 TILDE:3 VEC:3
<OL> ... </OL>
contained in: APPLET:4L BLOCKQUOTE BODY BQ:3 BUTTON:4L
CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M DD DEL:4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3
FORM IFRAME:4L INS:4L LI NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L
TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TH:3,3.2,4C,4L
contains: LH:3 LI
<OPTGROUP> required:4L ... </OPTGROUP> required:4L
contained in: OPTGROUP:4L SELECT:4L
contains: OPTGROUP:4L OPTION:4L
<OPTION> ... </OPTION> optional
contained in: OPTGROUP:4L SELECT
contains: #PCDATA
<OVER> required:3
contained in: BOX:3
contains: EMPTY:3
<OVERLAY> required:3
contained in: FIG:3
contains: EMPTY:3
<P> ... </P> optional
contained in: ADDRESS APPLET:4L BLOCKQUOTE BODY BQ:3 BUTTON:4L
CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M DD DEL:4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3
FORM IFRAME:4L INS:4L LI NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L
TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TH:3,3.2,4C,4L
contains: #PCDATA A ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 APPLET:3.2,4C,4L
AU:3 B BASEFONT:3.2,4C,4L,M BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLINK:M BR
BUTTON:4L CENTER:M CITE CODE DEL:3 DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L EM
FONT:3.2,4C,4L,M I IFRAME:4L IMG INPUT:3.2,4C,4L INS:3 KBD
LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3 MAP:3.2,4C,4L MATH:3 NOBR:M OBJECT:4C,4L
PERSON:3 Q:3,4C,4L S:3,4C,4L SAMP SCRIPT:3.2,4C,4L
SELECT:3.2,4C,4L SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L
STRONG STYLE:4C SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TAB:3
TEXTAREA:3.2,4C,4L TT U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR WBR:M
<PARAM> required:3.2,4C,4L
contained in: APPLET:3.2,4C,4L OBJECT:4C,4L
contains: EMPTY:3.2,4C,4L
<PERSON> required:3 ... </PERSON> required:3
contained in: A:3 ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS:3 AU:3 B:3 BIG:3
BLOCKQUOTE:3 BODY:3 BQ:3 CAPTION:3 CITE:3 CODE:3 CREDIT:3 DD:3
DEL:3 DFN:3 DIV:3 DT:3 EM:3 FIG:3 FORM:3 H1:3 H2:3 H3:3 H4:3 H5:3
H6:3 I:3 INS:3 KBD:3 LANG:3 LH:3 LI:3 NOTE:3 P:3 PERSON:3 PRE:3
Q:3 S:3 SAMP:3 SMALL:3 STRONG:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 TD:3 TH:3 TT:3 U:3
VAR:3
- 49 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
contains: #PCDATA:3 A:3 ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 AU:3 B:3 BIG:3 BR:3
CITE:3 CODE:3 DEL:3 DFN:3 EM:3 I:3 IMG:3 INS:3 KBD:3 LANG:3
MATH:3 PERSON:3 Q:3 S:3 SAMP:3 SMALL:3 STRONG:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 TAB:3
TT:3 U:3 VAR:3
<PLAINTEXT> required:2,3,3.2,4C,M ... </PLAINTEXT>
optional:2,3,3.2,4C,M (deprecated)
contained in: HTML:2,3.2,4C,M
contains: CDATA:2,3,3.2,4C,M
NB: The meaning of this tag is aberrant, in that the closing tag
is not supposed to be present, even though the grammar says that
it is optional: the environment instead terminates at end-of-
file. Browsers differ in their handling of the end tag: some
display it as ordinary text, and others terminate the environ-
ment.
<PRE> ... </PRE>
contained in: APPLET:4L BLOCKQUOTE BODY BQ:3 BUTTON:4L
CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M DD DEL:4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3
FORM IFRAME:4L INS:4L LI NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L
TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TH:3,3.2,4C,4L
contains: #PCDATA A ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 APPLET:3.2,4C AU:3
B BASEFONT:3.2,4C BDO:4C,4L BLINK:M BR BUTTON:4L CITE CODE DEL:3
DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L EM FONT:M HR:2,M I IFRAME:4L INPUT:3.2,4C,4L
INS:3 KBD LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3 MAP:3.2,4C,4L OBJECT:4C PERSON:3
Q:3,4C,4L S:3,4C,4L SAMP SCRIPT:3.2,4C,4L SELECT:3.2,4C,4L
SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG STYLE:4C TEXTAREA:3.2,4C,4L TT
U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR
cannot contain: APPLET:4L BASEFONT:4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L
FONT:3.2,4C,4L IMG:3,3.2,4C,4L MATH:3 OBJECT:4L SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L
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- 50 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
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AU:3 B BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLINK:M BLOCKQUOTE BODY BQ:3
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IFRAME:4L INS:3,4L KBD LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3 LEGEND:4L LH:3 LI
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TH:3,3.2,4C,4L TT U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR
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- 51 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
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contains: OPTGROUP:4L OPTION
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STRONG:3,3.2,4C,4L SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TD:3,3.2,4C,4L
- 52 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
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- 53 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
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contained in: A:4C ADDRESS:4C B:4C BDO:4C BIG:4C BLOCKQUOTE:4C
BODY:4C CAPTION:4C CENTER:4C CITE:4C CODE:4C DD:4C DFN:4C DIV:4C
DT:4C EM:4C FIELDSET:4C FONT:4C FORM:4C H1:4C H2:4C H3:4C H4:4C
H5:4C H6:4C HEAD:3,3.2,4C,4L I:4C KBD:4C LABEL:4C LI:4C OBJECT:4C
P:4C PRE:4C Q:4C S:4C SAMP:4C SMALL:4C SPAN:4C STRONG:4C SUB:4C
SUP:4C TD:4C TEXTFLOW:4C TH:4C TT:4C U:4C VAR:4C
contains: #PCDATA:3 CDATA:3.2,4C,4L
<SUB> required:3,3.2,4C,4L ... </SUB> required:3,3.2,4C,4L
contained in: A:3,3.2,4C,4L ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ABOVE:3 ACRONYM:3
ADDRESS:3,3.2,4C,4L APPLET:3.2,4L AU:3 B:3,3.2,4C,4L BAR:3
BDO:4C,4L BELOW:3 BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLOCKQUOTE:3,3.2,4C,4L
BODY:3,3.2,4C,4L BOX:3 BQ:3 BT:3 BUTTON:4L CAPTION:3,3.2,4C,4L
CENTER:3.2,4C,4L CITE:3,3.2,4C,4L CODE:3,3.2,4C,4L CREDIT:3
DD:3,3.2,4C,4L DDOT:3 DEL:3,4L DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L
DOT:3 DT:3,3.2,4C,4L EM:3,3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3
FONT:3.2,4C,4L FORM:3,3.2,4C,4L H1:3,3.2,4C,4L H2:3,3.2,4C,4L
H3:3,3.2,4C,4L H4:3,3.2,4C,4L H5:3,3.2,4C,4L H6:3,3.2,4C,4L HAT:3
I:3,3.2,4C,4L IFRAME:4L INS:3,4L ITEM:3 KBD:3,3.2,4C,4L
LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3 LEGEND:4L LH:3 LI:3,3.2,4C,4L MATH:3
NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L OF:3 P:3,3.2,4C,4L PERSON:3
Q:3,4C,4L ROOT:3 S:3,4C,4L SAMP:3,3.2,4C,4L SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L
SPAN:4C,4L SQRT:3 STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG:3,3.2,4C,4L
SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L T:3 TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TEXTFLOW:4C
TH:3,3.2,4C,4L TILDE:3 TT:3,3.2,4C,4L U:3,3.2,4C,4L
VAR:3,3.2,4C,4L VEC:3
contains: #PCDATA:3,3.2,4C,4L A:3,3.2,4C,4L ABBR:4L ABBREV:3
- 54 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
ACRONYM:3 APPLET:3.2,4C,4L AU:3 B:3,3.2,4C,4L BASEFONT:3.2,4C,4L
BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BR:3,3.2,4C,4L BUTTON:4L
CITE:3,3.2,4C,4L CODE:3,3.2,4C,4L DEL:3 DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L
EM:3,3.2,4C,4L FONT:3.2,4C,4L I:3,3.2,4C,4L IFRAME:4L
IMG:3,3.2,4C,4L INPUT:3.2,4C,4L INS:3 KBD:3,3.2,4C,4L LABEL:4C,4L
LANG:3 MAP:3.2,4C,4L MATH:3 OBJECT:4C,4L PERSON:3 Q:3,4C,4L
S:3,4C,4L SAMP:3,3.2,4C,4L SCRIPT:3.2,4C,4L SELECT:3.2,4C,4L
SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG:3,3.2,4C,4L
STYLE:4C SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TAB:3 TEXTAREA:3.2,4C,4L
TT:3,3.2,4C,4L U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR:3,3.2,4C,4L
<SUP> required:3,3.2,4C,4L ... </SUP> required:3,3.2,4C,4L
contained in: A:3,3.2,4C,4L ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ABOVE:3 ACRONYM:3
ADDRESS:3,3.2,4C,4L APPLET:3.2,4L AU:3 B:3,3.2,4C,4L BAR:3
BDO:4C,4L BELOW:3 BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLOCKQUOTE:3,3.2,4C,4L
BODY:3,3.2,4C,4L BOX:3 BQ:3 BT:3 BUTTON:4L CAPTION:3,3.2,4C,4L
CENTER:3.2,4C,4L CITE:3,3.2,4C,4L CODE:3,3.2,4C,4L CREDIT:3
DD:3,3.2,4C,4L DDOT:3 DEL:3,4L DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L
DOT:3 DT:3,3.2,4C,4L EM:3,3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3
FONT:3.2,4C,4L FORM:3,3.2,4C,4L H1:3,3.2,4C,4L H2:3,3.2,4C,4L
H3:3,3.2,4C,4L H4:3,3.2,4C,4L H5:3,3.2,4C,4L H6:3,3.2,4C,4L HAT:3
I:3,3.2,4C,4L IFRAME:4L INS:3,4L ITEM:3 KBD:3,3.2,4C,4L
LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3 LEGEND:4L LH:3 LI:3,3.2,4C,4L MATH:3
NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L OF:3 P:3,3.2,4C,4L PERSON:3
Q:3,4C,4L ROOT:3 S:3,4C,4L SAMP:3,3.2,4C,4L SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L
SPAN:4C,4L SQRT:3 STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG:3,3.2,4C,4L
SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L T:3 TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TEXTFLOW:4C
TH:3,3.2,4C,4L TILDE:3 TT:3,3.2,4C,4L U:3,3.2,4C,4L
VAR:3,3.2,4C,4L VEC:3
contains: #PCDATA:3,3.2,4C,4L A:3,3.2,4C,4L ABBR:4L ABBREV:3
ACRONYM:3 APPLET:3.2,4C,4L AU:3 B:3,3.2,4C,4L BASEFONT:3.2,4C,4L
BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BR:3,3.2,4C,4L BUTTON:4L
CITE:3,3.2,4C,4L CODE:3,3.2,4C,4L DEL:3 DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L
EM:3,3.2,4C,4L FONT:3.2,4C,4L I:3,3.2,4C,4L IFRAME:4L
IMG:3,3.2,4C,4L INPUT:3.2,4C,4L INS:3 KBD:3,3.2,4C,4L LABEL:4C,4L
LANG:3 MAP:3.2,4C,4L MATH:3 OBJECT:4C,4L PERSON:3 Q:3,4C,4L
S:3,4C,4L SAMP:3,3.2,4C,4L SCRIPT:3.2,4C,4L SELECT:3.2,4C,4L
SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG:3,3.2,4C,4L
STYLE:4C SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TAB:3 TEXTAREA:3.2,4C,4L
TT:3,3.2,4C,4L U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR:3,3.2,4C,4L
<T> required:3 ... </T> required:3
contained in: ABOVE:3 BAR:3 BELOW:3 BOX:3 BT:3 DDOT:3 DOT:3 HAT:3
ITEM:3 MATH:3 OF:3 ROOT:3 SQRT:3 T:3 TILDE:3 VEC:3
contains: #PCDATA:3 ABOVE:3 ARRAY:3 B:3 BAR:3 BELOW:3 BOX:3 BT:3
DDOT:3 DOT:3 HAT:3 ROOT:3 SQRT:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 T:3 TILDE:3 VEC:3
<TAB> required:3
contained in: A:3 ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS:3 AU:3 B:3 BIG:3
BLOCKQUOTE:3 BODY:3 BQ:3 CAPTION:3 CITE:3 CODE:3 CREDIT:3 DD:3
DEL:3 DFN:3 DIV:3 DT:3 EM:3 FIG:3 FORM:3 H1:3 H2:3 H3:3 H4:3 H5:3
H6:3 I:3 INS:3 KBD:3 LANG:3 LH:3 LI:3 NOTE:3 P:3 PERSON:3 Q:3 S:3
SAMP:3 SMALL:3 STRONG:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 TD:3 TH:3 TT:3 U:3 VAR:3
contains: EMPTY:3
- 55 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
<TABLE> required:3,3.2,4C,4L ... </TABLE> required:3,3.2,4C,4L
contained in: APPLET:4L BLOCKQUOTE:3,3.2,4C,4L BODY:3,3.2,4C,4L
BQ:3 BUTTON:4L CENTER:3.2,4C,4L DD:3,3.2,4C,4L DEL:4L
DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3 FORM:3,3.2,4C,4L IFRAME:4L
INS:4L LI:3,3.2,4C,4L NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L
TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TH:3,3.2,4C,4L
contains: CAPTION:3,3.2,4C,4L COL:4C,4L COLGROUP:4C,4L
TBODY:4C,4L TFOOT:4C,4L THEAD:4C,4L TR:3,3.2
<TBODY> optional:4C,4L ... </TBODY> optional:4C,4L
contained in: TABLE:4C,4L
contains: TR:4C,4L
<TD> required:3,3.2,4C,4L ... </TD> optional:3,3.2,4C,4L
contained in: TR:3,3.2,4C,4L
contains: #PCDATA:3,3.2,4C,4L A:3,3.2,4C,4L ABBR:4L ABBREV:3
ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS:3,3.2,4C,4L APPLET:3.2,4C,4L AU:3 B:3,3.2,4C,4L
BASEFONT:3.2,4C,4L BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L
BLOCKQUOTE:3,3.2,4C,4L BQ:3 BR:3,3.2,4C,4L BUTTON:4L
CENTER:3.2,4C,4L CITE:3,3.2,4C,4L CODE:3,3.2,4C,4L DEL:3
DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L DIR:3,3.2,4C,4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L DL:3,3.2,4C,4L
EM:3,3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3 FONT:3.2,4C,4L
FORM:3,3.2,4C,4L H1:3,3.2,4C,4L H2:3,3.2,4C,4L H3:3,3.2,4C,4L
H4:3,3.2,4C,4L H5:3,3.2,4C,4L H6:3,3.2,4C,4L HR:3,3.2,4C,4L
I:3,3.2,4C,4L IFRAME:4L IMG:3,3.2,4C,4L INPUT:3.2,4C,4L INS:3
ISINDEX:3,3.2,4C,4L KBD:3,3.2,4C,4L LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3
LISTING:3,3.2,4C MAP:3.2,4C,4L MATH:3 MENU:3,3.2,4C,4L
NOFRAMES:4L NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L OL:3,3.2,4C,4L
P:3,3.2,4C,4L PERSON:3 PRE:3,3.2,4C,4L Q:3,4C,4L S:3,4C,4L
SAMP:3,3.2,4C,4L SCRIPT:3.2,4C,4L SELECT:3.2,4C,4L
SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG:3,3.2,4C,4L
STYLE:4C SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TAB:3 TABLE:3,3.2,4C,4L
TEXTAREA:3.2,4C,4L TT:3,3.2,4C,4L U:3,3.2,4C,4L UL:3,3.2,4C,4L
VAR:3,3.2,4C,4L XMP:3,3.2,4C
<TEXTAREA> ... </TEXTAREA>
contained in: A:3.2,4C,4L ABBR:4L ADDRESS:3.2,4C,4L APPLET:3.2,4L
B:3.2,4C,4L BDO:4C,4L BIG:3.2,4C,4L BLOCKQUOTE:3.2,4C,4L
BODY:3.2,4C,4L CAPTION:3.2,4C,4L CENTER:3.2,4C,4L CITE:3.2,4C,4L
CODE:3.2,4C,4L DD:3.2,4C,4L DEL:4L DFN:3.2,4C,4L DIV:3.2,4C,4L
DT:3.2,4C,4L EM:3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L FONT:3.2,4C,4L FORM
H1:3.2,4C,4L H2:3.2,4C,4L H3:3.2,4C,4L H4:3.2,4C,4L H5:3.2,4C,4L
H6:3.2,4C,4L I:3.2,4C,4L IFRAME:4L INS:4L KBD:3.2,4C,4L
LABEL:4C,4L LEGEND:4L LI:3.2,4C,4L NOSCRIPT:4L OBJECT:4C,4L
P:3.2,4C,4L PRE:3.2,4C,4L Q:4C,4L S:4C,4L SAMP:3.2,4C,4L
SMALL:3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG:3.2,4C,4L
SUB:3.2,4C,4L SUP:3.2,4C,4L TD:3.2,4C,4L TEXTFLOW:4C TH:3.2,4C,4L
TT:3.2,4C,4L U:3.2,4C,4L VAR:3.2,4C,4L
contains: #PCDATA
cannot contain: INPUT:3 SELECT:3 TEXTAREA:3
<TEXTFLOW> optional:4C ... </TEXTFLOW> optional:4C
contained in: APPLET:4C
contains: #PCDATA:4C A:4C APPLET:4C B:4C BASEFONT:4C BDO:4C
BIG:4C BR:4C CITE:4C CODE:4C DFN:4C EM:4C FONT:4C I:4C IMG:4C
- 56 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
INPUT:4C KBD:4C LABEL:4C MAP:4C OBJECT:4C Q:4C S:4C SAMP:4C
SCRIPT:4C SELECT:4C SMALL:4C SPAN:4C STRONG:4C STYLE:4C SUB:4C
SUP:4C TEXTAREA:4C TT:4C U:4C VAR:4C
<TFOOT> required:4C,4L ... </TFOOT> optional:4C,4L
contained in: TABLE:4C,4L
contains: TR:4C,4L
<TH> required:3,3.2,4C,4L ... </TH> optional:3,3.2,4C,4L
contained in: TR:3,3.2,4C,4L
contains: #PCDATA:3,3.2,4C,4L A:3,3.2,4C,4L ABBR:4L ABBREV:3
ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS:3,3.2,4C,4L APPLET:3.2,4C,4L AU:3 B:3,3.2,4C,4L
BASEFONT:3.2,4C,4L BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L
BLOCKQUOTE:3,3.2,4C,4L BQ:3 BR:3,3.2,4C,4L BUTTON:4L
CENTER:3.2,4C,4L CITE:3,3.2,4C,4L CODE:3,3.2,4C,4L DEL:3
DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L DIR:3,3.2,4C,4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L DL:3,3.2,4C,4L
EM:3,3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3 FONT:3.2,4C,4L
FORM:3,3.2,4C,4L H1:3,3.2,4C,4L H2:3,3.2,4C,4L H3:3,3.2,4C,4L
H4:3,3.2,4C,4L H5:3,3.2,4C,4L H6:3,3.2,4C,4L HR:3,3.2,4C,4L
I:3,3.2,4C,4L IFRAME:4L IMG:3,3.2,4C,4L INPUT:3.2,4C,4L INS:3
ISINDEX:3,3.2,4C,4L KBD:3,3.2,4C,4L LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3
LISTING:3,3.2,4C MAP:3.2,4C,4L MATH:3 MENU:3,3.2,4C,4L
NOFRAMES:4L NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L OL:3,3.2,4C,4L
P:3,3.2,4C,4L PERSON:3 PRE:3,3.2,4C,4L Q:3,4C,4L S:3,4C,4L
SAMP:3,3.2,4C,4L SCRIPT:3.2,4C,4L SELECT:3.2,4C,4L
SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG:3,3.2,4C,4L
STYLE:4C SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TAB:3 TABLE:3,3.2,4C,4L
TEXTAREA:3.2,4C,4L TT:3,3.2,4C,4L U:3,3.2,4C,4L UL:3,3.2,4C,4L
VAR:3,3.2,4C,4L XMP:3,3.2,4C
<THEAD> required:4C,4L ... </THEAD> optional:4C,4L
contained in: TABLE:4C,4L
contains: TR:4C,4L
<TILDE> required:3 ... </TILDE> required:3
contained in: ABOVE:3 BAR:3 BELOW:3 BOX:3 BT:3 DDOT:3 DOT:3 HAT:3
ITEM:3 MATH:3 OF:3 ROOT:3 SQRT:3 T:3 TILDE:3 VEC:3
contains: #PCDATA:3 ABOVE:3 ARRAY:3 B:3 BAR:3 BELOW:3 BOX:3 BT:3
DDOT:3 DOT:3 HAT:3 ROOT:3 SQRT:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 T:3 TILDE:3 VEC:3
<TITLE> ... </TITLE>
contained in: HEAD
contains: #PCDATA
cannot contain: LINK:3.2,4C,4L META:3.2,4C,4L SCRIPT:3.2,4C,4L
STYLE:3.2,4C,4L
<TR> required:3,3.2,4C,4L ... </TR> optional:3,3.2,4C,4L
contained in: TABLE:3,3.2 TBODY:4C,4L TFOOT:4C,4L THEAD:4C,4L
contains: TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TH:3,3.2,4C,4L
<TT> ... </TT>
contained in: A ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS APPLET:3.2,4L
AU:3 B BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLINK:M BLOCKQUOTE BODY BQ:3
BUTTON:4L CAPTION:3,3.2,4C,4L CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M CITE CODE
CREDIT:3 DD DEL:3,4L DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L DT EM
FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3 FONT:3.2,4C,4L,M FORM H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 I
IFRAME:4L INS:3,4L KBD LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3 LEGEND:4L LH:3 LI
NOBR:M NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L P PERSON:3 PRE Q:3,4C,4L
- 57 - Formatted: November 8, 2025
HTML-PRETTY(1) Version 1.00 HTML-PRETTY(1)
04 December 1997
S:3,4C,4L SAMP SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG
SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TEXTFLOW:4C
TH:3,3.2,4C,4L TT U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR
contains: #PCDATA A ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 APPLET:3.2,4C,4L
AU:3 B BASEFONT:3.2,4C,4L,M BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLINK:M BR
BUTTON:4L CENTER:M CITE CODE DEL:3 DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L EM
FONT:3.2,4C,4L,M I IFRAME:4L IMG INPUT:3.2,4C,4L INS:3 KBD
LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3 MAP:3.2,4C,4L MATH:3 NOBR:M OBJECT:4C,4L
PERSON:3 Q:3,4C,4L S:3,4C,4L SAMP SCRIPT:3.2,4C,4L
SELECT:3.2,4C,4L SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L
STRONG STYLE:4C SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TAB:3
TEXTAREA:3.2,4C,4L TT U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR WBR:M
<U> required:3,3.2,4C,4L ... </U> required:3,3.2,4C,4L
contained in: A:3,3.2,4C,4L ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3
ADDRESS:3,3.2,4C,4L APPLET:3.2,4L AU:3 B:3,3.2,4C,4L BDO:4C,4L
BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLOCKQUOTE:3,3.2,4C,4L BODY:3,3.2,4C,4L BQ:3
BUTTON:4L CAPTION:3,3.2,4C,4L CENTER:3.2,4C,4L CITE:3,3.2,4C,4L
CODE:3,3.2,4C,4L CREDIT:3 DD:3,3.2,4C,4L DEL:3,4L DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L
DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L DT:3,3.2,4C,4L EM:3,3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L
FIG:3 FONT:3.2,4C,4L FORM:3,3.2,4C,4L H1:3,3.2,4C,4L
H2:3,3.2,4C,4L H3:3,3.2,4C,4L H4:3,3.2,4C,4L H5:3,3.2,4C,4L
H6:3,3.2,4C,4L I:3,3.2,4C,4L IFRAME:4L INS:3,4L KBD:3,3.2,4C,4L
LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3 LEGEND:4L LH:3 LI:3,3.2,4C,4L NOSCRIPT:4L
NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L P:3,3.2,4C,4L PERSON:3 PRE:3,3.2,4C,4L
Q:3,4C,4L S:3,4C,4L SAMP:3,3.2,4C,4L SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L
STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG:3,3.2,4C,4L SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L
TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TEXTFLOW:4C TH:3,3.2,4C,4L TT:3,3.2,4C,4L
U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR:3,3.2,4C,4L
contains: #PCDATA:3,3.2,4C,4L A:3,3.2,4C,4L ABBR:4L ABBREV:3
ACRONYM:3 APPLET:3.2,4C,4L AU:3 B:3,3.2,4C,4L BASEFONT:3.2,4C,4L
BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BR:3,3.2,4C,4L BUTTON:4L
CITE:3,3.2,4C,4L CODE:3,3.2,4C,4L DEL:3 DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L
EM:3,3.2,4C,4L FONT:3.2,4C,4L I:3,3.2,4C,4L IFRAME:4L
IMG:3,3.2,4C,4L INPUT:3.2,4C,4L INS:3 KBD:3,3.2,4C,4L LABEL:4C,4L
LANG:3 MAP:3.2,4C,4L MATH:3 OBJECT:4C,4L PERSON:3 Q:3,4C,4L
S:3,4C,4L SAMP:3,3.2,4C,4L SCRIPT:3.2,4C,4L SELECT:3.2,4C,4L
SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG:3,3.2,4C,4L
STYLE:4C SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TAB:3 TEXTAREA:3.2,4C,4L
TT:3,3.2,4C,4L U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR:3,3.2,4C,4L
<UL> ... </UL>
contained in: APPLET:4L BLOCKQUOTE BODY BQ:3 BUTTON:4L
CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M DD DEL:4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3
FORM IFRAME:4L INS:4L LI NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L
TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TH:3,3.2,4C,4L
contains: LH:3 LI
<VAR> ... </VAR>
contained in: A ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 ADDRESS APPLET:3.2,4L
AU:3 B BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLINK:M BLOCKQUOTE BODY BQ:3
BUTTON:4L CAPTION:3,3.2,4C,4L CENTER:3.2,4C,4L,M CITE CODE
CREDIT:3 DD DEL:3,4L DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L DIV:3,3.2,4C,4L DT EM
FIELDSET:4C,4L FIG:3 FONT:3.2,4C,4L,M FORM H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 I
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IFRAME:4L INS:3,4L KBD LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3 LEGEND:4L LH:3 LI
NOBR:M NOSCRIPT:4L NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C,4L P PERSON:3 PRE Q:3,4C,4L
S:3,4C,4L SAMP SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L STRONG
SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TD:3,3.2,4C,4L TEXTFLOW:4C
TH:3,3.2,4C,4L TT U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR
contains: #PCDATA A ABBR:4L ABBREV:3 ACRONYM:3 APPLET:3.2,4C,4L
AU:3 B BASEFONT:3.2,4C,4L,M BDO:4C,4L BIG:3,3.2,4C,4L BLINK:M BR
BUTTON:4L CENTER:M CITE CODE DEL:3 DFN:3,3.2,4C,4L EM
FONT:3.2,4C,4L,M I IFRAME:4L IMG INPUT:3.2,4C,4L INS:3 KBD
LABEL:4C,4L LANG:3 MAP:3.2,4C,4L MATH:3 NOBR:M OBJECT:4C,4L
PERSON:3 Q:3,4C,4L S:3,4C,4L SAMP SCRIPT:3.2,4C,4L
SELECT:3.2,4C,4L SMALL:3,3.2,4C,4L SPAN:4C,4L STRIKE:3.2,4L
STRONG STYLE:4C SUB:3,3.2,4C,4L SUP:3,3.2,4C,4L TAB:3
TEXTAREA:3.2,4C,4L TT U:3,3.2,4C,4L VAR WBR:M
<VEC> required:3 ... </VEC> required:3
contained in: ABOVE:3 BAR:3 BELOW:3 BOX:3 BT:3 DDOT:3 DOT:3 HAT:3
ITEM:3 MATH:3 OF:3 ROOT:3 SQRT:3 T:3 TILDE:3 VEC:3
contains: #PCDATA:3 ABOVE:3 ARRAY:3 B:3 BAR:3 BELOW:3 BOX:3 BT:3
DDOT:3 DOT:3 HAT:3 ROOT:3 SQRT:3 SUB:3 SUP:3 T:3 TILDE:3 VEC:3
<WBR> required:M
contained in: A:M ADDRESS:M B:M BLINK:M BLOCKQUOTE:M BODY:M
CENTER:M CITE:M CODE:M DD:M DT:M EM:M FONT:M FORM:M H1:M H2:M
H3:M H4:M H5:M H6:M I:M KBD:M LI:M NOBR:M P:M SAMP:M STRONG:M
TT:M VAR:M
contains: EMPTY:M
<XMP> required:2,3,3.2,4C,M ... </XMP> required:2,3,3.2,4C,M
(deprecated)
contained in: BLOCKQUOTE:2,3,3.2,4C,M BODY:2,3,3.2,4C,M BQ:3
CENTER:3.2,4C,M DD:2,3,3.2,4C,M DIV:3,3.2,4C FIELDSET:4C FIG:3
FORM:2,3,3.2,4C,M LI:2,3,3.2,4C,M NOTE:3 OBJECT:4C TD:3,3.2,4C
TH:3,3.2,4C
contains: CDATA:2,3,3.2,4C,M
PRETTYPRINTER LIMITATIONS
Like LaTeX, Lisp, PostScript, and TeX, SGML is an extensible language.
In particular, at run time, it is possible to redefine the syntax and
semantics of all lexical elements, including the base character set,
the characters that may appear in identifiers, and the special charac-
ters that delimit tags or strings.
In SGML, this is conventionally done in SGML declaration files for
syntax definitions, and in DTD files, which are analogous to LaTeX
style files. Low-level typesetting commands of the flavor ``select a
14-point Lucida-BoldItalic font'', ``skip down vertically 6 picas'',
and ``draw a horizontal rule 3 ems long'' are notably absent. SGML
documents are expected to use only high-level markup commands, leaving
the visual appearance entirely up to the DTD specification, and the
formatting software.
Unlike LaTeX and TeX, SGML is not a typesetting system. It is only a
grammar for a standard markup language, and it is left to SGML
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software implementors to write DTDs, and to provide for translation of
SGML documents to specific document formatting, typesetting, or word
processing systems. In this respect, SGML is similar to the RTF (Rich
Text Format) supported by many popular word processors, in that it can
serve as an intermediate language for electronic document exchange;
several language translators between SGML and other text representa-
tions are mentioned in the SEE ALSO section below. Regrettably, there
is wide variation in the capabilities and document models of current
text formatting systems, so such translations are usually rough ap-
proximations that may require substantial hand patching to make them
truly satisfactory.
HTML is a modest subset of SGML, with tag names apparently chosen from
SGML, the Free Software Foundation's TeXinfo system (which in turn is
modeled on the earlier Scribe document formatting system), and occa-
sionally, also from LaTeX.
html-pretty is written in this spirit: it knows about the meaning and
typical use of all standard HTML tags, but nothing about other SGML
DTDs. However, the style-file facility makes it possible to prepare
formatting rules for any SGML DTD, extending the applicability of
html-pretty to the entire world of SGML, provided a tag normalizer
such as sgmlnorm(1) or spam(1) is available to supply omitted tags,
and expand abbreviated ones. However, since SGML tag names depend on
the specific DTD, and DTDs tend to be proprietary, html-pretty is not
packaged with pre-written style files for SGML.
Contributions of suitable style files for public SGML DTDs, together
with those DTDs, are hereby solicited, and they may be included in fu-
ture releases of html-pretty.
PRETTYPRINTER IMPLEMENTATION LIMITS
As with most computer software, there are certain limitations in
html-pretty on object sizes, imposed by fixed array dimensions or ad-
dressing limits of the computer hardware and operating system. Here
are the minimum values that all html-pretty implementations must pro-
vide in order to conform to this documentation; implementations on
some systems may have much more generous limits.
2048 characters in single words, tag names, and filenames (this
must be at least as large as the LITLEN limit set in the SGML
parser declaration file html.decl);
100 levels of list and environment nesting (this must be at least
as large as the TAGLVL limit set in the SGML parser declaration
file html.decl);
6 simultaneously open files (stdin, stderr, and stdout, plus the
style catalog file, and two style files, allowing at least two
levels of style file nesting).
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These are ample for any realistic document: they support the longest
legal file paths in all major current operating systems, World-Wide
Web URLs, and HTML tags named after 58-letter Welsh towns like Llan-
fairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch, yet will still
work on the smallest personal computer operating systems.
There is no limit on the size of input or output files and lines, oth-
er than that imposed by physical storage limits of the host file sys-
tem and the computer address space.
SEE ALSO
amaya(1), arena(1), chimera(1), emacs(1), expand(1), grail(1), hotja-
va(1), html-check(1), html-ncheck(1), html-norm(1), html-spam(1),
html2latex(1), htmlchek(1), jde(1), latex(1), latex2html(1),
latex2rtf(1), lisp(1), lynx(1), man2html(1), netscape(1), nsgmls(1),
panorama(1), rman(1), RosettaMan(1), rtf2LaTeX(1), rtf2html(1),
rtf2tex(1), rtflatex(1), scribe(1), sgmlnorm(1), sgmls(1), spam(1),
tex(1), tex-pretty(1), texi2html(1), texi2roff(1), texinfo(1), unex-
pand(1), xmosaic(1).
The ISO 8879 SGML Standard is contained in the book
Charles F. Goldfarb and Yuri Rubinsky
The SGML Handbook
Cambridge University Press
1990
xxiv + 663 pp.
ISBN 0-19-853737-9
LCCN Z286.E43 G64 1990
That book serves as the `scriptures' of SGML; it even has long blue
ribbons attached to serve as page marks!
References to nearly 300 books and over 1000 other publications about
SGML can be found at these World-Wide Web locations:
ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/index.html#sgml
http://sgml.sgmlopen.org/
http://www.sil.org/sgml/sgml.html
http://www.falch.no/people/pepper/sgmltool/
SGML software repositories are available at:
http://sgml.sgmlopen.org/
ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/sgml
The latter has source and binary distributions for several of the SGML
tools mentioned at the start of this section, including html-check(1),
html-ncheck(1), html-pretty, html-spam(1), man2html(1), nsgmls(1),
sgmlnorm(1), sgmls(1), and spam(1).
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AUTHOR
Nelson H. F. Beebe, Ph.D.
Center for Scientific Computing
University of Utah
Department of Mathematics, 105 JWB
155 S 1400 E RM 233
Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090
Tel: +1 801 581 5254
FAX: +1 801 581 4148
Email: beebe@math.utah.edu, beebe@acm.org, beebe@ieee.org (Internet)
WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe
AVAILABILITY
html-pretty is freely available; its master distribution can be found
at
ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/sgml/
in the file htmlpty-x.yy.tar.gz where x.yy is the current version.
Other distribution formats are usually available in the same location.
Several other SGML and HTML tools are available in that same directo-
ry.
That site is mirrored to several other Internet archives, so you may
also be able to find it elsewhere on the Internet; try searching for
the string htmlpty at one or more of the popular Web search sites,
such as
http://altavista.digital.com/
http://www.hotbot.com/
http://www.stpt.com/
http://www.yahoo.com/
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